Achondroplasia Dwarfism Child Disease
Achondroplasia is a genetic (inherited) bone disorder that occurs in one in 20,000 live births. Achondroplasia is the most common

Acne Treatment Acne Complex
Acne is a disorder of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands. With acne complex, the sebaceous glands are clogged, which leads to

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that is responsible for causing acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The vi

Agoraphobia Panic Attack Child Care
agoraphobia panic attack child care : Agoraphobia is a type of panic disorder in which a person becomes unable to leave a place th

Airway Obstruction Prevention
Since most accidental child strangulations, chokings, and suffocations occur in the home, parents are well-advised to carefully ch

Allergic Rhinitis In Children Kids
Rhinitis is a reaction that occurs in the nose when airborne irritants (allergens) trigger the release of histamine. Histamine cau

Alpha Fetoprotein AFP Newborn Baby
Alpha-fetoprotein screening is a blood test that measures the level of alpha-fetoprotein in the mothers' blood during pregnancy. A

Alpha Thalassemia Child Health
Thalassemia is an inherited disorder that affects the production of normal hemoglobin (a type of protein in red blood cells that c

Ambiguous Genitalia Children Babies
When a child's gender is in question at birth, because genitals may not appear clearly male or female, the child is said to have a

Amenorrhea Pregnancy Ovulation
Amenorrhea is a menstrual condition characterized by absent menstrual periods for more than three monthly menstrual cycles. Amenor

Amniocentesis Amniotic Fluid Baby
An amniocentesis is a procedure used to obtain a small sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus to diagnose chromosom

Amniotic Fluid Hydramnios
What is amniotic fluid? Amniotic fluid is an important part of pregnancy and fetal development. This watery fluid is inside a ca

Anaphylaxis Anaphylactic Shock
Anaphylaxis, also called anaphylactic shock, is a severe and sometimes life-threatening reaction to an allergen (the items that yo

Anemia In Children Kids Babies
Anemia is a common blood disorder that occurs when there are fewer red blood cells than normal, or there is a low concentration of

Anemia Of Prematurity Medical Care
anemia of prematurity medical care: The medical care options available to the clinician treating an infant with AOP are preve

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Anemia frequently is observed in the infant who is hospitalized and premature. Although many causes are possible, anemia of prem

Anencephaly Neural Tube Defect
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Anorexia Nervosa Child Health Care
Anorexia nervosa (AN), a form of self-starvation, is an eating disorder characterized by low body weight (less than 85 percent of

Antiphospholipid Syndrome APL
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Aphthous Stomatitis Child Health
Aphthous stomatitis is an illness that causes small ulcers to appear in the mouth, usually inside the lips, on the cheeks, or on t

Aplastic Anemia Child Health Care
Aplastic anemia occurs when the bone marrow produces too few of all types of blood cells: red cells, white cells, and platelets. A

Apnea Of Prematurity
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Apnea Of Prematurity Causes
apnea of prematurity causes: A premature neonate in whom all other causes of apnea have been excluded may be considered to have

Apnea Of Prematurity Medical Care
apnea of prematurity - Medical Care: • Stimulation o Tactile stimulation usually is sufficient to terminate an apneic

Apnea Of Prematurity Newborn Baby
Apnea occurs when a person has stopped breathing. Apnea of prematurity occurs when a premature baby stops breathing for 20 seconds

Arrhythmias Dysrhythmia
An arrhythmia (also called dysrhythmia) is an abnormal rhythm of the heart, which can cause the heart to pump less effectively. Ar

Assessment Of The Breastfed Infant
ASSESSMENT OF THE NEONATE The assessment of the breastfed infant includes an evaluation of its voiding and elimination patter

Asthma Management In Children
Asthma Management The clinical management of asthma in children continues to evolve and was recently reviewed in this journal.

Asthma Medications
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Asthma Treatment
Asthma is a chronic, inflammatory disease in which the airways become sensitive to allergens (any substance that triggers an aller

Atopic Dermatitis Eczema
Atopic dermatitis, also called eczema, is a skin disorder that usually appears in babies or very young children, and may last un

Autism Autistic Disorder
Autistic disorder (also called autism; more recently described as "mindblindedness") is a neurological and developmental disorde

Biochemistry Of Human Milk
BIOCHEMISTRY OF HUMAN MILK Human milk is a unique, species-specific, complex nutritive fluid with immunologic- and growth-promo

Birth Trauma Birth Injury
Birth injuries to the infant resulting from mechanical forces (ie, compression, traction) during the process of birth are catego

Birth Trauma Bone Injury
birth trauma bone injury : Fractures are most often observed following breech delivery and/or shoulder dystopia in macrosomia in

Birth Trauma Brachial Plexus Injury
birth brachial plexus injury occurs most commonly in large babies, frequently with shoulder dystocia or breech delivery. Incidence

Birth Trauma Cranial Nerve Injury
birth cranial nerve injury : Unilateral branches of the facial nerve and vagus nerve, in the form of recurrent laryngeal nerve,

Birth Trauma Spinal Cord Injury
birth trauma spinal cord injury incurred during delivery results from excessive traction or rotation. Traction is more important

Bowel Obstruction In The Newborn
Bowel obstruction in the newborn is one of the most common and potentially dire newborn surgical emergencies. Successful managem

Bowel Obstruction Long Term Outcomes
In general, most infants with bowel obstruction who are expeditiously identified and treated have an excellent outcome. Survival

Bowel Obstruction Prenatal Imaging
Prenatal imaging, especially with ultrasonography, can be extremely effective in detecting of bowel obstruction. A fetus with pr

Breast Milk Jaundice Causes Lab
breast milk jaundice causes: • Supplementation of breastfeeding with dextrose 5% in water (D5W) actually can increase t

Breast Milk Jaundice In The Newborn
Breast Milk Jaundice Arias first described breast milk jaundice in 1963. Breast milk jaundice is a type of neonatal jaundice as

Breast Milk Jaundice Treatment
breast milk jaundice treatment - medical care : • Treatment recommendations in this section apply only to healthy t

Breastfeeding Risk Factors In The Infant
COMMON BREASTFEEDING PROBLEMS Risk factors for breastfeeding difficulties Mother-infant pairs who are at risk for breastfe

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease (CLD) that develops in preterm neonates treated with oxygen and posit

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia History
bronchopulmonary dysplasia history: BPD is a CLD that develops in both preterm and term neonates treated with oxygen and PPV for a

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Medication
bronchopulmonary dysplasia medication : Many different drug therapies are employed to treat infants with severe BPD. The effica

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Treatment
Medical Care: Future management of BPD will involve strategies stressing prevention. Because few accepted therapies currently ex

Children Constipation Functional
A normal pattern of stool evacuation is felt to be a sign of health in children of all ages. Especially during the first months

Choanal Atresia Of Newborn
choanal atresia of newborn : Choanal atresia is caused by a failure of embryologic regression of nasal airway tissue, thereby

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
congenital diaphragmatic hernia treatment - Medical Care: Because of associated PPHN and pulmonary hypoplasia, medical therapy is

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia The topic of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) frequently appears in the medical literature

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Newborn
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia The pathogenesis of this disorder is caused by the incomplete formation of the diaphragm in the

Correct Breastfeeding Techniques Baby
correct breastfeeding positions and techniques Before the common breastfeeding positions and techniques are reviewed, an unde

Counseling The Breastfeeding Mother
Counseling the Breastfeeding Mother In the time before managed care and "drive-through" deliveries, the vast majority of newb

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Cystic adenomatoid malformation Cystic adenomatoid malformations of the lung are masses that may cause a spectrum of symptoms

Duodenal Atresia In The Newborn
Duodenal atresia in the newborn : Duodenal obstruction from atresia or web affects as many as 1 in 6,000-10,000 infants. Poly

Elbw Infants Follow-up Care
elbw infants follow-up care Nearly all ELBW infants require neurodevelopmental follow-up monitoring to track their progress a

Elbw Infants Medical Pitfalls
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Enteral Feeding Methods Of Newborns
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Enteral Nutrition Management Newborns
ENTERAL NUTRITION MANAGEMENT Energy • With enteral nutrition, human milk and standard infant formulas (20 cal/oz) pro

Esophageal Atresia Tracheal Fistulae
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Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant
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Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant Infection
Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant Infection Infection remains a major contributing factor to the morbidity and mortality of E

Fluid Electrolyte Management Of Newborn
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Fluid Electrolyte Principles Of The Newborn
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Fluid Electrolyte Status Of The Newborn
ASSESSING FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE STATUS OF THE NEWBORN A number of conditions can impact neonatal renal function adversely. The

Follow-up Of Breastfeeding Infants
Follow-up of breastfeeding infants • Evaluate the infant's breastfeeding performance in the hospital within 24-28 hours

Food Allergy In Children
Food allergy - General aspects of food allergy diagnosis and management Food allergy is frequently encountered in general ped

Hemolytic Disease Follow-up
hemolytic disease follow-up - Further Inpatient Care: • The stabilization of a hydropic newborn requires a high level o

Hemolytic Disease Lab Studies
hemolytic disease lab studies : • CBC: The severity of hematologic abnormalities is directly proportional to the severi

Hemolytic Disease Of Newborn
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn A French midwife was the first to report hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) in a set of twin

Hemolytic Disease Of Newborns
History: Women at risk for alloimmunization should undergo an indirect Coombs test and titers at their first prenatal visit. If

Hemorrhagic Disease Of Newborn
Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn The more appropriate term for hemorrhagic disease of newborn is vitamin K deficiency bleeding (V

Hemorrhagic Disease Of Newborn Followup
hemorrhagic disease of newborn - Further Outpatient Care: Follow-up interval after discharge depends on the nature and severity

Hydrops Fetalis Cardiac Causes
hydrops fetalis cardiac causes • Congenital structural anomalies of the heart may accompany as many as 1 in 4 babies wit

Hydrops Fetalis Causes
Causes: • The heterogeneity of this collection of associations is bewildering at first glance. However, the common thr

Hydrops Fetalis Fetal Hydrops
Hydrops fetalis (ie, fetal hydrops) is usually defined as the presence of fetal subcutaneous tissue edema accompanied by serous

Hydrops Fetalis Hematologic Causes
hydrops fetalis hematologic causes • Hematologic events, which lead to profound anemia and have been recognized to tri

Hydrops Fetalis Imaging Studies
hydrops fetalis imaging studies: • Once the possibility of fetal hydrops is considered or suspected, sophisticated and

Hydrops Fetalis Infectious Causes
hydrops fetalis infectious causes • The immature fetus is particularly susceptible to overwhelming viral and bacterial

Hydrops Fetalis Lab Studies
hydrops fetalis Lab Studies: • Diagnostic studies may be considered best by temporal grouping (ie, fetal, maternal, pla

Hydrops Fetalis Medical Care
hydrops fetalis medical care : The single most important factor to ensure proper treatment of the fetus with hydrops is a preci

Hyperbilirubinemia Of The ELBW Infants
Hyperbilirubinemia Most ELBW infants develop clinically significant typically unconjugated or indirect hyperbilirubinemia requi

Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy In spite of major advances in monitoring technology and knowledge of fetal and neonatal patholo

Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy
History (hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy): Per the guidelines of the AAP and ACOG, all of the following must be present for the

Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy
Further Inpatient Care (hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy): • Close physical therapy and developmental evaluation are need

Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Care
Medical Care (hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy): Treatment of seizures is an essential component of management. Seizures are g

Immunologic Properties Of Human Milk
IMMUNOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF HUMAN MILK Human milk immunoglobulins Human milk contains all of the different antibodies (M, A,

Imperforate Anus Repair
Imperforate anus : Routine inspection of a newborn should note the position and patency of the anus. Anorectal malformations ran

Incontinentia Pigmenti
Genes are inherited from our biological parents in specific ways. One of the basic patterns of inheritance of our genes is calle

Ineffective Breastfeeding In The Infants
Warning signs of ineffective breastfeeding in the infants What are the warning signs of ineffective breastfeeding in the infant

Infant Of Diabetic Mother
Diabetes has long been associated with maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Before the discovery of insulin in 1921, di

Infant Of Diabetic Mother Causes
Causes (infant of diabetic mother): • HbA1C levels o Complications caused by maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy

Infant Of Diabetic Mother Follow-up
Further Outpatient Care (infant of diabetic mother): Basic outpatient care should consist of routine well-baby care provided

Infant Of Diabetic Mother History
History (infant of diabetic mother): • Fetal congenital malformations are most common when maternal glucose control has

Infant Of Diabetic Mother Medical Care
Medical Care: • Communication between members of the perinatal team is of crucial importance to identify infants who ar

Infant Of Diabetic Mother Workup
Lab Studies (infant of diabetic mother): • Complete blood cell count o Polycythemia, commonly defined as a central h

Intraventricular Hemorrhage Elbw Infants
intraventricular hemorrhage in elbw infants : A hemorrhage in the brain that begins in the periventricular subependymal germina

Jejunoileal Atresia In The Newborn
jejunoileal atresia in the newborn : Atresia of the jejunum or ileum is more common than duodenal atresia, occurring in 1 in

Kernicterus Causes Hyperbilirubinemia
kernicterus causes: Be familiar with bilirubin metabolism to understand factors leading to an increased risk of kernicterus. Bi

Kernicterus Follow Up Medical Care
Further Outpatient Care: • To help insure that infants may reach their maximum neurodevelopmental potential, referring ba

Kernicterus History Diagnosis
kernicterus history: A history of risk for hemolytic disease can be an important clue to a neonate's increased risk of pathol

Kernicterus Imaging Studies
kernicterus imaging studies : • In the acute phase of bilirubin encephalopathy, neuroimaging has no major diagnostic be

Kernicterus Lab Studies
kernicterus Lab Studies: • Hematologic studies: Hematologic laboratory evaluation is the cornerstone of evaluation of

Kernicterus Medical Care Treatment
kernicterus medical care: The cornerstone of management of hyperbilirubinemia is prevention of neurotoxicity. The definitive

Kernicterus Yellow Kern Pathophysiology
Traditionally, the term kernicterus (literally yellow kern, with kern indicating the most commonly afflicted region of the brain

Lactation Lactogenesis Human Milk
Two essential hormones - prolactin and oxytocin During the second stage of lactogenesis, the breast becomes capable of milk p

Lactogenesis Lactation Human Milk
Lactogenesis is the process by which the mammary gland develops the capacity to secrete milk. It includes all processes necessar

Malrotation Midgut Volvulus In Newborn
Malrotation and volvulus : Because of the potential for midgut volvulus and loss of the entire small bowel, malrotation represents

Management Of The Sensitized Neonate
Management of the sensitized neonate Mild hemolytic disease accounts for 50% of newborns with positive DAT results. Most of t

Maternal Alloimmunization Management
Management of maternal alloimmunization Initial attempts to suppress Rh antibody production with Rh hapten, Rh-positive RBC str

Maternal Milk Supply Infant
FACTORS AFFECTING THE MATERNAL MILK SUPPLY True difficulties in the supplying of milk are most commonly related to the irregula

Mechanics Of Breastfeeding Newborn
mechanics of breastfeeding Understanding the actual mechanism of how babies get milk into their bodies is important. Suckling

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome : The first intestinal discharge from newborns is meconium, which is a viscous, dark green subst

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome Treatment
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome Medical Care: • Prevention o Prevention is paramount. o Obstetricians should monitor

Meconium Ileus Obstruction In Newborn
Meconium ileus: Meconium ileus is the term used to describe neonatal presentation of distal small-bowel obstruction from thic

Meconium Plug Syndrome In The Newborn
meconium plug syndrome in the newborn : Some newborns present with bowel obstruction from plugs of meconium isolated to the c

Multiple Births Complications
multiple births complications: • Prematurity: Infants from multifetal pregnancies are more likely to be born prema

Multiple Births Medical Care
Multiple Births Medical Care: Medical care of the woman with multiple gestation pregnancy is beyond the scope of this chapter

Multiple Births Multifetal Pregnancies
The term multiple births is defined as more than one fetus being born of a pregnant woman. Since 1970, prevalence of multiple bi

Necrotizing Enterocolitis Elbw Infants
Necrotizing enterocolitis NEC is a disease of the premature gastrointestinal tract that represents injury to the intestinal m

Neonatal Bowel Obstruction Diagnosis
The diagnostic evaluation of a neonatal bowel obstruction must be expeditious because some causes of bowel obstruction rapidly c

Neonatal Cardiovascular Resuscitation
neonatal cardiovascular resuscitation : Cardiovascular support and chest compressions : Most infants who present at delivery

Neonatal Hypertension Blood Pressure
Neonatal Hypertension Recent advances in the ability to identify, evaluate, and care for hypertensive infants, coupled with adv

Neonatal Hypertension Follow Up
Further Inpatient Care: • Monitor BP regularly until the infant is ready for discharge from the NICU. Infants treated wit

Neonatal Hypertension Lab Studies
Lab Studies: • Usually only a limited set of laboratory data is needed in the evaluation of neonatal hypertension. Obta

Neonatal Hypertension Medical Care
Medical Care: Numerous medications are available that may be used in the treatment of neonatal hypertension. Assess the clini

Neonatal Intensive Care Goals
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Neonatal Intensive Care Guidelines
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Neonatal Jaundice Causes History
History (neonatal jaundice): • Presentation and duration o Typically, presentation is on the second or third day of

Neonatal Jaundice Exchange Transfusion
neonatal jaundice exchange transfusion Exchange transfusion is indicated for avoiding bilirubin neurotoxicity when other therap

Neonatal Jaundice Follow-up
neonatal jaundice follow-up Further Inpatient Care: • Infants who have been treated for jaundice can be discharged w

Neonatal Jaundice In The Newborns
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Neonatal Jaundice In The Newborns
Jaundice is the most common condition requiring medical attention in newborns. The yellow coloration of the skin and sclera in n

Neonatal Jaundice Lab Studies
neonatal jaundice lab studies: • Bilirubin o Transcutaneous bilirubinometry can be performed using handheld devices

Neonatal Jaundice Medical Care
neonatal jaundice medical care: Phototherapy and exchange transfusion are the therapeutic modalities used most widely in infa

Neonatal Jaundice Medications
neonatal jaundice medications usually are not administered in infants with physiologic neonatal jaundice. However, in certain in

Neonatal Polycythemia Causes
Causes: • Increased fetal erythropoiesis secondary to fetal hypoxia o Placental insufficiency can be secondary to pree

Neonatal Polycythemia Medical Care
Medical Care: Therapy is based on both the measured central venous Hct and the presence or absence of symptoms. Treatment of po

Neonatal Resuscitation Airway Breathing
Airway management Once the infant is placed in a heated environment, the infant should be positioned to open the airway, and

Neonatal Resuscitation Asphyxia Response
neonatal resuscitation - Response to asphyxia The fetus or newborn that is subjected to asphyxia begins a diving reflex (so t

Neonatal Resuscitation Drugs Medications
neonatal resuscitation drugs medications : Medications : Neonatal resuscitation drugs should be stocked in any area in whi

Neonatal Resuscitation Extreme Prematurity
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Neonatal Resuscitation Fetal Circulation
Cardiovascular adaptation Fetal circulation To understand the cardiovascular changes that occur in the neonate at birth, i

Neonatal Resuscitation Fetal Pulmonary
neonatal resuscitation - Respiratory adaptation Following birth, for the lungs to operate as a functional respiratory unit prov

Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines
Neonatal resuscitation Neonatal resuscitation skills are essential for all health care providers who are involved in the deli

Neonatal Resuscitation Intubation
neonatal resuscitation - Intubation Infants may require tracheal intubation if direct tracheal suctioning is required, effect

Neonatal Resuscitation Postresuscitation
THE IMMEDIATE POSTRESUSCITATION PERIOD Maintenance of airway and ventilation The goal of delivery room management is to stab

Neonatal Resuscitation Preparation
PREPARATION FOR NEONATAL RESUSCITATION A number of sources of information concerning the training of skills and procedures th

Neonatal Resuscitation Thermoregulation
neonatal resuscitation - Thermoregulation It is essential to prevent heat loss during the resuscitation. Intrauterine thermoreg

Neonatal Sepsis Clinical Signs
History: The risk factors that are associated most highly with neonatal sepsis include maternal GBS colonization (especially if

Neonatal Sepsis Lab Studies
Neonatal Sepsis Lab Studies: • Blood, CSF, and urine cultures o Aerobic cultures are appropriate for most of the bac

Neonatal Sepsis Medical Care Followup
Neonatal Sepsis Medical Care: Initiate treatment immediately because of the neonate's immunologic weaknesses for fighting infectio

Neonatal Sepsis Neonatal Infection
Neonatal sepsis (neonatal infection, early-onset neonatal sepsis, late-onset neonatal sepsis, early-onset sepsis syndrome, late-

Neonatal Shock Hypotension Medical Care
Medical Care: Once shock is suspected in a newborn, appropriate supportive measures must be instituted as soon as possible. T

Neural Tube Defects Diagnosis
DIAGNOSTIC DETECTION OF NTDS AND ASSOCIATED NEUROLOGIC LESIONS Presence of open NTDs can be detected with the measurement of

Neural Tube Defects Embryology
EMBRYOLOGY The human embryo passes through 23 stages after conception, each occupying approximately 2-3 days. Two different p

Neural Tube Defects Epidemiology
EPIDEMIOLOGY Several interesting characteristics in the epidemiology of neural tube defects are as follows: • Signific

Neural Tube Defects Etiology
ETIOLOGY Over the last century, teratogens implicated in the etiology of NTD in experimental animals and in humans include po

Neural Tube Defects Evaluation Treatment
EVALUATION AND TREATMENT: MEDICAL AND SURGICAL Neurologic lesions The myelomeningocele is a saccular protrusion containing

Neural Tube Defects Fetal Surgery
FETAL SURGERY FOR TREATMENT OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS Over the past decade, fetal surgery for NTDs (specifically, myelomeningoce

Neural Tube Defects In The Neonatal Period
Neural Tube Defects in the Neonatal Period Congenital deformities involving the coverings of the nervous system are called neur

Neural Tube Defects Pathology
Pathology Spina bifida cystica The 2 major types of defects seen with spina bifida cystica are myelomeningoceles and menin

Neural Tube Defects Prognosis Outcome
OUTCOME AND PROGNOSIS OF CHILDREN WITH NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS Major issues in evaluating the outcome of children with myelomenin

Newborn High Frequency Ventilation
High-frequency ventilation: High-frequency ventilation (HFV) may improve blood gases because, in addition to the gas transport b

Newborn Hypercapnia Hypoventilation
Hypercapnia usually is caused by hypoventilation or severe ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch. Carbon dioxide normally diffuses

Newborn Hypoxemia Hypoventilation
newborn hypoxemia is usually the result of V/Q mismatch or right-to-left shunting, although diffusion abnormalities and hypoventil

Newborn Ventilatory Strategies
newborn ventilatory strategies : Continuous positive airway pressure: CPAP has been an important tool in the treatment of newbo

Nutrition Principles Of Infants
NUTRITION PRINCIPLES OF INFANTS Nutrient requirements • Energy, measured as cal/kg/d • Carbohydrates ̶

Oligohydramnios
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Omphalitis Medical Surgical Care
Medical Care: Treatment of omphalitis (periumbilical edema, erythema, and tenderness) in the newborn includes antimicrobial the

Omphalitis Medication Complications
MEDICATION A combination of a parenterally administered antistaphylococcal penicillin and an aminoglycoside antibiotic is recom

Omphalitis Umbilical Stump Infection
Omphalitis is an infection of the umbilical stump. Omphalitis typically presents as a superficial cellulitis that may progress t

Patent Ductus Arteriosus Newborns
patent ductus arteriosus In the fetus, the ductus arteriosus is a conduit between the left pulmonary artery and the aorta tha

Pediatric Resuscitation Pneumothorax
pediatric resuscitation pneumothorax Air leak syndromes are disorders produced when a rupture of pulmonary tissue occurs with t

Periventricular Leukomalacia Brain Injury
periventricular leukomalacia (ischemic brain injury) Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is the most common ischemic brain injur

Periventricular Leukomalacia Imaging
Imaging Studies: • Cranial ultrasonography: Cranial ultrasonography is the modality of choice for the initial evaluation

Pierre Robin Syndrome Tracheal Webbing
Pierre Robin syndrome : Pierre Robin syndrome presents with micrognathia and with a resultant displacement of the tongue into

Polycythemia Of The Newborn
Polycythemia of the newborn (neonatal polycythemia, erythrocythemia, hematocrit, Hct, hyperviscosity, sludged blood, microthrombi,

Polyhydramnios Oligohydramnios
Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios (too much amniotic fluid, too little amniotic fluid, oligoamnios, oligamnios, fetal lung deve

Polyhydramnios Oligohydramnios Care
Medical Care: The first step is identifying the etiology of the abnormal volume of amniotic fluid. Medical care includes use of

Puberty Adolescent Female
Growth The teenage years are also called adolescence. During this time, the teenager will see the greatest amount of growth in

Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema Care
Medical Care: Different treatment modalities have been used to manage PIE, with variable success. • Lateral decubitus

Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema PIE
Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema PIE Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) is a collection of gases outside of the normal ai

Respiratory Distress Syndrome Care
Medical Care: • Prenatal prevention and prediction of RDS: Obstetricians with experience in fetal medicine should care fo

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Respiratory distress syndrome An early complication of extreme prematurity is respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), which is cau

Respiratory Distress Syndrome Lab
Lab Studies: • Blood gases are usually obtained as clinically indicated from either an indwelling arterial (umbilical)

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respiratory distress syndrome complications: • Acute complications include the following: o Alveolar rupture: Suspect

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Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), also known as hyaline membrane disease (HMD), occurs almost exclusively in premature infant

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Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP, retrolental fibroplasia, retinal neovascularization) Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a ser

Retinopathy Of Prematurity Treatment
Medical Care: • Medical care consists of ophthalmologic screening of appropriate infants. • No specific medical

Shock Hypotension In The Newborn
Shock and Hypotension in the Newborn Shock is a complex clinical syndrome caused by an acute failure of circulatory function an

Total Parenteral Nutrition Management
TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION MANAGEMENT Goals for nutrition management The primary goal is to provide energy and nutrients i

Transient Tachypnea Of Newborn Care
Medical Care: • Medical care is supportive. As the retained lung fluid is absorbed by the infant's lymphatic system, the

Transient Tachypnea Of The Newborn
Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is a disease common in infants throughout the world and has been encountered by all phy

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Urticaria - Thyroid autoimmunity and chronic urticaria Urticaria is common in adults, with up to 25% reporting episodes at le

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What are warts? Warts are non-cancerous skin growths caused by the papillomavirus. Warts are more common in children than adults

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Facts about obesity: According to the National Center for Health Statistics, about 13 percent of children ages 6 to 11 in the

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What is whooping cough (pertussis)? Whooping cough, or pertussis, mainly affects infants and young children. Caused by a bact

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What is Wilms tumor? Wilms tumor, also called nephroblastoma, is a malignant (cancerous) tumor originating in the cells of th

Wisdom Teeth Extraction
What are wisdom teeth? Also called third molars, wisdom teeth usually make their first appearance in young adults between the a

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What is X-linked agammaglobulinemia? X-linked agammaglobulinemia, also called Bruton's agammaglobulinemia or congenital agammag

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X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that occurs naturally in the environment. Similar to light or radio waves, X-rays a