GINKGO MAIDENHAIR TREE

GINKGO, MAIDENHAIR TREE (Ginkgo biloba L.) + (Downgraded for safety)

Activities (Ginkgo) :
- Antiaggregant (2; BGB; KOM; MAB; PH2; SHT; WHO); Antiallergic (1; PC); Antialzheimeran (2; COX; JAM); Antianaphylactic (1; PNC); Antiarrhythmic (1; MAB); Antiarthritic (1; COX; FNF); Antiasthmatic (1; AKT; PNC); Anticancer (1; COX; FNF); Anticapillary Fragility (1; BGB; PH2; WHO); Anticonvulsant (1; MAB); Antidementic (1; PH2); Antidepressant (1; AKT); Antiedemic (1; KOM; PHR; WHO); Antiinflammatory (1; PH2; WHO); Antiischemic (1; FT69:195; FNF; WHO); Antimastocytotic (1; MAB); Antioxidant (2; KOM; MAB; PH2; WAM); Antiseptic (1; MAB); Antispasmodic (f; PH2); Antitussive (f; DAA); Anxiogenic (1; MAB); Anxiolytic (1; MAB); Astringent (1; AKT); Bronchodilator (1; PH2; PNC); Cardioprotective (1; MAB); Cerebrostimulant (1; PNC; SHT; WAM); Cholinergic (1; KOM; SHT); Circulostimulant (1; MAB; PNC; SHT); Convulsant (1; MAB); Hypolipidemic (1; MAB); MAOI (1; MAB); Memorigenic (1; AKT; PAM; PH2; WAM); Neurogenic (f; SKY); Neuroprotective (2; KOM; MAB; SKY); Nootropic (1; BGB; MAB); Peripheral Stimulant (FT69:195); cGMP-Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor (1; WHO); Radioprotective (1; AKT); Thrombolytic (1; MAB); Vasodilator (1; APA; KOM; PED); Vasoprotective (1; BGB); Vermifuge (1; WHO).

Indications (Ginkgo) :
- Acrocyanosis (1; BGB; WHO); Allergy (1; MAB; PNC; WAM); Alopecia (1; MAB); Altitude Sickness (2; BGB; KOM; MAB; SHT; WAM; WHO); Alzheimers (2; COX; KOM; JAM; MAB; PH2; SHT); Anaphylaxis (1; PNC); Angina (f; FAY; PH2); Anxiety (1; MAB); Arrhythmia (1; MAB); Arthrosis (1; COX; FNF; WHO); Asthma (1; AKT; APA; CAN; FAY; MAB; PNC); Atherosclerosis (1; FAY; MAB; SKY); Bacteria (1; DAA); Blennorrhea (f; DAA); Bronchosis (1; APA; FAY; PED; WHO); Cancer (1; COX; DAA; FNF); Capillary Fragility (1; BGB; PH2; SHT; WHO); Cardiopathy (1; APA; MAB; SKY); Caries (f; FAY); Cellulite (1; HFH/JA/99); Cerebral Insufficiency (2; KOM; PHR; SHT); Chilblain (f; FAY; WHO); Circulosis (1; PHR; SKY); Convulsion (1; MAB); Cough (f; APA; FAD; FAY); Cramp (f; PH2); Cystosis (f; DAA); Deafness
(1; APA; MAB); Dementia (2; KOM; SHT; WHO); Depression (1; AKT; KOM; MAB; SKY); Dermatosis (f; FAD); Diabetes (f; SKY); Diarrhea (f; FAD); Dizziness (1; WHO); Dysentery (f; FAY); Dysmenorrhea (2; MAB); Dysuria (f; FAY); Edema (1; KOM; WHO); Emphysema (1; PED); Encephalosis (f; FAY); Enuresis (f; FAY); Fatigue (1; MAB); Filariasis (f; FAY); Freckle (f; FAD); Fungus (f; FAY); Glaucoma (1; AKT); Gonorrhea (f; DAA); Headache (1; KOM; FT69:195; PH2; WHO); Hearing Problem (1; CAN; FT69:195); High Cholesterol (f; FAY); Hypertonia (f; PH2); Impotence (1; APA; BGB; SKY); Inflammation (1; PH2; WHO); Intermittent Claudication (2; KOM; PHR; PH2; SHT; WHO); Ischemia (1; MAB; FNF; WHO); Leukorrhea (f; DAA); Maculosis (2; MAB; SHT); Mastocytosis (1; MAB); Migraine (1; MAB); Multiple Sclerosis (f; SKY); Mycosis (f; FAY); Neuralgia (1; APA); Nystagmus (1; PH2); Obesity (1; MAB); Ophthalmia (1; APA); Pain (1; APA); Parturition (1; WHO); PMS (1; AKT; MAB); Polydipsia (1; MAB); Polyuria (f; FAY; MAB); Post-Phlebitis Syndrome (1; WHO); Pulmonosis (f; FAY); Raynauds Syndrome (1; DAA; SKY); Retinosis (1; KOM; MAB; PHR; SHT); Rhinosis (f; DAA; WHO); Ringworm (f; FAY); cabies (1; APA; FAY); Schizophrenia (1; AKT); Senile Dementia (2; FAY; KOM; SHT); Shock (1; MAB); Sore (1; APA; FAY); Spermatorrhea (f; FAY); Stroke (1; CAN; MAB; SKY); Strangury (f; FAY); Swelling (1; KOM; PHR; WHO); Thrombosis (1; MAB); Tinnitus (2; KOM; PH2; SHT; WHO); Tonsilosis (f; PH2); Tuberculosis (1; APA; DAA; FAY); Vaginosis (f; APA; FAY); Varicosis (1; APA); Vertigo (2; KOM; MAB; PH2; SHT); Worm (1; WHO).

Dosages (Ginkgo) :
- 4.5 g seed (FAY); 4.5 g leaf with 4.5 g root Polygonum multiflorum and 4.5 g bark Uncaria for cardiopathy (FAY); 1 - 2 tbsp fresh leaf (PED); 2 - 3 g dry leaf (PED); 2 g dry leaf:10 ml alcohol/10 ml water (PED); 40 mg solid leaf extract 3 ×/day (CAN); 80 - 120 mg leaf extract/day (CAN); 0.5 ml fluid extract (1:1) 3 ×/day (CAN); 0.5 ml tincture 3 ×/day (SKY); 1 (40 mg extract) tablet 3 ×/day with meals (APA); 1 (385 mg) capsule (StX to contain 40 mg certified potency 50:1 ginkgo leaf extract with at least 24% flavonoid glycosides) 3 ×/day (NH); 40 - 80 mg StX 3 ×/day; 120 - 160 mg StX (6% terpene lactones, 24% flavone glycosides) 2 - 3 ×/day (SKY). Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Ginkgo) :- Class 2d. May potentiate MAOIs (AHP; WAM). Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages (PH2). Though regarded by many as a poisonous plant, ginkgo, selling at $500 million a year in Europe, has not accumulated much data in the alarmists journals. According to RNP (February 1994) and SHT, mild adverse effects include allergic dermatosis (0.09%), anxiety 0.07%), diarrhea (0.14%), GI upset (0.14%), headache (0.22%), insomnia, and nausea (0.34%). Schulz iscounts the MAOI warnings saying there are no known interactions with other drugs. In my CRC Handbook of Nuts, I dont discuss the leaves (extracts of which are sold as medicine). Fruits are allergenic (and isgustingly malodorous) and too many of the edible seeds can cause serious problems, even death. The seed toxin 4-O-methylpyridoxine is reportedly responsible for the gin-nan food poisoning, with nvulsions, loss of consciousness, even lethality in 27% of Japanese cases, especially infants. Ginkgolic acid may act like urushiol of poison ivy fame. Bilobin and ginkgolic acid are similar to poison ivs allergen (LRNP, February 1988). German herb companies may be forced to document that their ginkgo products contain no more than 5 ppm ginkgolic acid. CAN cautions against gastric upset and headache (CAN). All that and Lininger et al. (1998) counter, essentially devoid of any side effects. Mild headaches lasting for a day or two have been reported ... There are no known contraindications to the use of GBE by pregnant and lactating women (SKY). Contraindicated for any person on coumadin or heparin; should not be taken by people with a clotting disorder, such as hemophilia or von Willdebrands Disease (OBrien, 1998).

Extracts (Ginkgo) :
- LD50 7725 mg/kg orl mouse; 1100 mg/kg ivn; 1900 mg/kg ipr; LD50 = >10,000 mg/kg orl rat; 2100 mg/kg ipr (FNF). LD50 StX = 7700 mg/kg orl rat (MAB); LD50 4O-methylpyridoxine = 11 mg/kg orl gpg (MAB). Indications for the extract are disturbances of cerebral function, peripheral vascular nsufficiency, and neurosensory problems (FNF). Extracts are rheologically active, decreasing blood viscosity and inhibiting PAF-induced aggregation (FT69:195). Tests for carcinogenesis, genotoxicity, and mutagenesis negative (SHT). Mixed ginkgolide StX at 40 mg 3 ×/day were antiasthmatic in the early and late phases of airway hyperactivity. Clinical trials indicate improvement in allergic responses (e.g., in asthma). PA Finduced inflammation is reduced. At 25 - 100 mg/kg/day/2 wk orl rat, the extracts strongly ttenuated sodium salicylate-induced tinnitus (FT69:195). Interpretations of Commission E approvals vary, Blumenthal et al. (1998) suggest 120 - 160 mg native dry extract in 2 - 3 doses for improvement of pain-free walking distance in peripheral arterial occlusive disease in Stage II of Fontaine (intermittent claudication) in a regimen of physical therapeutic measures, in particular walking exercise and vertigo and tinnitus (ringing in the ear) of vascular and involutional origin, and they suggest 120 - 240 mg native dry extract in 2 - 3 doses for dementia syndromes with the following symptoms memory deficits, disturbances in concentration, depressive emotional condition, dizziness, tinnitus, headache and dementia syndromes, including primary degenerative dementia, vascular dementia. Gruenwald et al. (1998) stress the leaves only for intermittent claudication, symptomatic relief of organic brain sfunction, tinnitus, and vertigo of vascular origin. Ginkgo has musculotropic action similar to papaverine (WHO). Patients with idiopathic hearing loss less than 11 days old were treated with ginkgo and a vasodilator naftidrofuryl. 40% were improved on both drugs, but the synthetic had significantly more side effects. Ginkgo contains traces of COX2 inhibitor apigenin (to 0.01% ZMB) (COX).