GARLIC ALLIUM SATIVUM

GARLIC (Allium sativum L.) +++
For much more information, see Koch & Lawsons excellent Garlic Book (LAW).

Activities (Garlic) :
- Acarifuge (1; LAW); Alexeteric (f; KAB); Alterative (f; PED); Amebicide (1; APA; X11101670); Analgesic (1; BGB; DAD); Androgenic (1; LAW); Antiaflatoxin (1; X1394115); Antiaggregant (3; APA; FNF; KOM; PH2; SHT; WHO); Antiallergic (1; AKT); Antiandrogenic (1; DAD); Antiatherosclerotic (2; LAW); Antiarthritic (1; LAW); Antiatherogenic (2; BGB; WHO); Antibacterial (2; AKT; FAD; KOM; SKY; WHO); Anticancer (1; LAW; SKY); Anticholinesterase (1; LAW); Antidiabetic (1; LAW; PNC); Antidote (f; WO2); Antifertility (1; LAW; WO2); Antigiardial (1; X11101670); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; BGB); Antiintegrase (1; LAW); Antioxidant (1; LAW; SHT; WO3); Antimycotic (2; BGB; LAW); Antioxidant
(1; AKT; PH2); Antiprostaglandin (1; WHO); Antipyretic (1; WHO); Antirheumatic (1; LAW); Antiseptic (3; AKT; APA; PED; PH2; PNC; SKY); Antispasmodic (1; PED; WHO); Antistress (1; LAW); Antithrombic (1; FAY; PH2; PNC); Antithyroid (1; LAW); Antitumor (1; BGB; PNC); Antiulcer (1; X11238826); Antiviral (1; AKT; APA; LAW; SKY); Aphrodisiac (1; DAD; WHO); Cardiotonic (1; AKT; JFM); Carminative (1; PED; RIN; WHO); Choleretic (1; MAM); Decongestant (1; FAY); Detoxicant (f; AKT; FAY); Diaphoretic (f; JFM; PED; PNC); Digestive (1; AKT; PED); Diuretic (1; FAD; WHO); Edemagenic (1; WO3); Emmenagogue (1; JFM; WHO); Estrogenic (1; LAW); Expectorant (f; PED; PNC; WOI); Fibrinolytic (3; APA; LAW; KOM; PH2; SHT); Fungicide (2; FAD; LAW; KOM; MAM; SKY); Gastrotonic (f; KAB); Glutathionigenic (1; PH2); Hepatoprotective (1; BGB; CAN; JFM; LAW; WO3); Hyperglycemic (1; PNC); Hypocholesterolemic (2; AKT; DAD; FAD; PH2; SHT; WHO); Hypoglycemic (1; DAD; LAW; KAP; PED; PNC); Hypolipidemic (1; BGB; DAD; PED; PNC; WHO); Hypoperistaltic (2; WHO); Hypotensive (2; AKT; BGB; FAD; SHT; SKY; WHO); Hypotriglyceridemic (1; AKT); Hypouricemic (f; JFM); Immunostimulant (1; AKT; BGB; CAN; FAY; PED); Insectifuge (1; LAW); Insulin-Sparing (1; PNC); Interleukenogenic (1; WO3); Larvicide (1; WO2); Lipolytic (2; KOM; PH2; SHT; WHO); Lymphocytogenic (1; AKT); Myocontractant (1; CAN); Myorelaxant (1; CAN); Nervine (f; PED); NKC-Enhancer (1; AKT; PH2); NO-Genic (1; LAW); Orexigenic (f; KAB); Ovicide (1; WO3); Oxytocic (1; WO2); Parasiticide (1; AKT); Phagocytotic (1; AKT); Protisticide (1; LAW); Rubefacient (f; JFM); Sedative (1; WHO); Spermicide
(1; LAW); Tick (1; LAW); Tonic (f; KAB); Vasodilator (1; SHT; WHO); Vermifuge (1; AKT; APA; LAW; WHO); Vulnerary (1; PED).

Indications (Garlic) :
- Abscess (1; DAA; PNC); Acne (f; FAD); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Aegilops (f; JLH); Aging (1; PH2); Allergy (1; AKT); Alopecia (1; WHO; WO2); Altitude Sickness (f; LAW); Ameba (1; APA; X11101670); Amebiasis (2; FAY; PNC); Anemia (f; DAD); Anorexia (f; FAY); Appendicitis (1; FAY; PNC); Aphtha (1; LAW); Arthrosis (1; FAD; LAW; PHR; PH2); Asthma (1; PNC; WHO); Atherosclerosis (3; AKT; APA; BGB; BIS; FAD; LAW; PHR; PH2; SHT; WHO); Athletes Foot (2; TGP); Bacillus (1; LAW); Bacteria (2; AKT; FAD;
JFM; KOM; PH2; SKY; WHO); Bite (f; FAY; JFM); Boil (1; DAA); Bronchiectasis (1; LAW); Bronchosis (2; FAD; PHR; PH2; WHO); Burn (2; LAW); Callus (f; JFM; PH2); Cancer (2; AKT; BGB; FAD; LAW; PH2; PNC; SKY); Cancer, abdomen (1; AKT; FNF; JLH); Cancer, bladder (1; FNF; JLH; X11341051; X11238818); Cancer, colon (1; AKT; FNF; JLH; X11238811); Cancer, gland (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, lung (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, prostate (1; X11102955); Cancer, skin (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; AKT; X11238811); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Candida (2; CAN; LAW); Carbuncle (f; FAY); Cardiopathy (3; BGB; FAD; SKY); Caries (1; FNF; KAB); Catarrh (1; AKT; BGB); Celiac (1; LAW); Childbirth (f; JFM); Cholecystosis (f; APA); Cholera (1; PNC); Chronic Fatigue (f; JFM); Coccidiosis (1; LAW); Cold (2; AKT; FAD; PHR; PNC); Colic (1; WHO); Colitis (1; LAW); Colosis (1; LAW; LAW); Congestion (1; FAY); Constipation (f; JFM; PH2); Convulsion (f; PHR); Corn (f; JLH; PHR); Cough (2; APA; FAD; PHR); Cramp (1; PED; PH2; WHO); Cryptococcus (1; DAA); Cystosis (f; JFM); Cytomegalovirus (1; LAW); Deafness (f; LAW); Debility (f; PH2); Dementia (1; X11238823); Dermatosis (1; AKT; DAA; DAD; LAW; PNC); Diabetes (1; LAW; MAM; PH2; PNC); Diarrhea (1; AKT; PNC); Diphtheria (f; DAA; DAD); Dropsy (f; KAB); Dysentery (2; AKT; DAD; FAD; PNC); Dysmenorrhea (f; PHR; PH2); Dyspepsia (1; AKT; BIS; JFM; LAW; PNC; WHO); Dyspnea (1; FAD; FAY); Earache (1; FAD); Edema (f; JFM; PNC); Enterosis (2; AKT; APA; FAD; PH2; WHO); Epigastrosis (2; WHO); Epilepsy (f; AKT; FAY); Escherichia (1; LAW; WO2); Felon (f; JLH); Fever (2; FAD; JFM; PED; PHR; PH2; PNC; WHO); Fibroid (f; DAD; JLH); Filaria (1; LAW); Flu (1; AKT; APA; LAW; PNC); Fungus (2; AKT; FAD; JFM; LAW; KOM; MAM; SKY); Gangrene (f; KAP); Gas (1; DAD; JFM; PED; PH2; RIN; WHO); Gastroenterosis (2; BIS; DAD; FAD); Gastrosis (2; AKT; FAD; FAY;
PH2; WHO); Giardia (1; LAW; X11101670); Gout (f; FAD; JFM); Headache (f; JFM); Helicobacter (1; AKT; X11238826); Hemorrhoid (f; JFM); Hepatosis (1; APA); Hepatotoxicity (acetaminophen) (2; MAM); Herpes (1; LAW); High Blood Pressure (2; AKT; BGB; FAD; PH2; SHT; WHO); High Cholesterol (3; AKT; APA; DAD; FAD; LAW; PH2; SHT; WHO); High Triglyceride (3; AKT; APA; LAW; SHT); HIV (1; LAW); Hookworm (1; AKT; LAW; WHO); Hyperglycemia (1; DAD; LAW; PED; PNC); Hyperlipidemia (3; SHT; HO); Hyperperistalsis (2; WHO); Hypoglycemia (1; FAY; PNC); Hypotension (f; DAD); Hysteria (f; JFM); Immunodepression (1; AKT; BGB; CAN; FAY; PED); Immunosuppression (2; PHR; SKY); Impotence (1; AKT; X11238821); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (2; AKT; FAD; JFM; LAW; KOM; MAM; SHT; SKY); Inflammation (1; APA; BGB; JFM); Insanity (f; AKT); Insomnia (1; JFM; WHO); Intermittent Claudication (2; BGB; SHT; TGP); Keratosis (1; LAW); Laryngosis (1; LAW); Lead Poisoning (1; PNC); Leishmaniasis (1; X11119248); Leprosy (f; JFM); Leukemia (f; JLH); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Lumbago (f; PH2); Lupus (f; LAW); Lymphoma (f; JLH); Malaria (f; DAD; JFM); Mange (f; JFM); Melancholy (f; JFM); Meningosis (f; DAA); Menopause (f; JFM); Mucososis (1; LAW); Myalgia (f; PHR; PH2); Mycosis (2; AKT; FAD; LAW; KOM; MAM; PNC; SKY); Myofascitis (f; DAA); Nausea (1; WHO); Nephrosis (1; LAW); Nervousness (1; WHO); Neuralgia (1; LAW; PHR); Nicotinism (1; LAW); Obesity (1; BGB; DAD; PED; PNC; WHO); Odontosis (f; KAB); Otosis (1; FAD; SKY); Pain (1; BGB; DAD; JFM; PH2); Palpitation (f; JFM); Paradentosis (1; LAW); Paralysis (f; KAB); Parasite (1; AKT); Paratyphoid (f; KAP); Paratyphus (f; AW); Pertussis (2; DAD; FAD; FAY; PNC); Pharyngosis (2; PHR); Pinworm (1; AKT; FAY); Pneumonia (1; DAD; LAW); Poliomyelosis (1; LAW); Polyp (f; JLH); Pulmonosis (f; KAP); Pulposis (1; LAW); Raynauds Syndrome (2; TGP); Respirosis (1; AKT; BGB; LAW; PH2; WHO); Rheumatism (1; FAD; LAW; PH2);
Rhinosis (2; BGB); Ringworm (1; APA; DAA; WHO); Roundworm (1; LAW; WHO); Salmonella (1; WO2); Scabies (1; DAA; JFM); Sciatica (f; PHR; PH2); Senile Dementia (1; LAW; X11238823); Sepsis (1; LAW); Shigella (1; WO2); Sinusosis (1; FAY); Snakebite (f; FAD; FAY); Sore (1; FAD; JFM); Sore Throat (1; LAW); Splenosis (f; KAB); Sporotrichosis (1; LAW); Staphylococcus (1; LAW); Stomachache (f; FAY); Stomatosis (2; PHR); Streptococcus (2; X9354029); Swelling (f; AKT; FAD; FAY; JFM); Syncope (f; KAB); Tapeworm (f; JFM); Thirst (f; KAB); Thrombosis (1; FAY; PH2; PNC); Tonsilosis (1; LAW); Trachoma (f; DAA); Trichomoniasis (1; DAA); Trypanosomiasis (1; LAW); Tuberculosis (1; APA; JFM; LAW); Tumor (1; BGB; PNC); Typhoid (f; DAA); Typhus (1; DAD; LAW); Ulcer (1; AKT; X11238826); Ulcus cruris (2; LAW); UTI (1; WHO); Vaginosis (2; APA; DAA; LAW); Varicosis (f; JFM); Virus (1; AKT; APA; LAW; PH2; SKY); Wart (f; PHR; PH2); Water Retention (1; FAD; WHO); Wen (f; JLH); Whitlow (f; JLH); Worm (1; AKT; APA; JFM; LAW; WHO); Wound (f; PHR); Yeast (2; APA; CAN; JAD; WO2).

Dosages (Garlic) :
- 9 - 15 g fresh bulb (FAY); 0.25 - 0.5 cup fresh bulb (PED); 6 - 12 g dry bulb (PED); 9 g dry bulb:45 ml alcohol/45 ml water (PED); 1 - 5 cloves/day (APA); 2 - 4 g 3 ×/day (CAN); 4 g garlic or one average clove; 5000 µg allicin/day (SKY); 4 g fresh garlic/day (KOM); 1.5 - 6 g fresh tuber (KAP); 2 - 4 ml tincture (1:5 in 45% ethanol) 3 ×/day (CAN); 0.03 - 0.12 ml garlic oil/day (CAN); 1 - 2 minims garlic oil (KAP); 2 - 8 ml garlic syrup (CAN; PNC); 2 - 4 ml garlic juice (CAN; PNC); 1 (400 mg) StX/day; 3 - 4 (550 mg) capsules 3 ×/day (NH); 1 enteric coated 400 mg tablet (StX to contain at least 3 mg allicin potential) 1 ×/day at mealtime (NH); 600 - 900 mg/day coated garlic (SHT).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Garlic) :
- Class 2c (AHP). Some thiolbearing compounds in garlic, onion, and their relatives can cause acantholysis in vitro (Brenner et al., 1995) and possibly pemphigus in vivo. More than 5 cloves a day may induce gas and heartburn (Castleman, 1996) and thin blood (people taking blood thinners may thereby overthin their blood). May potentiate the effect of antihypertensive and anticoagulant medications (SHT). No known contraindications during pregnancy and lactation (SKY). Some people are
very allergic to garlic. Contraindicated in hyperthyroidism (TRA). Commission E reports rare GI disturbances, allergic reactions, change of odor of skin and breath. Sulphides may irritate the GI tract or cause dermatosis (CAN). Allergic reactions of contact dermatosis and severe asthmatic attacks (from inhalation of garlic powder). Topical application of garlic or garlic oil may cause local irritating effects. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may occur following ingestion of fresh garlic bulbs, extracts, or oil AEH1). Fresh garlic is reportedly dangerous to children (AHP). Use sparingly with children under 2 years; may irritate mouth or stomach if used too liberally (WAM). Then there is Miller and Murrays extremely cautious, but not critical review (MAM). Though possibly useful for mild hypertension ... routine use is not recommended. After informing us that no drug-drug interactions have been reported for garlic, they provide a long list of potential drug-drug interactions. Hasty readers, especially MDs, will take this as
proven drug-garlic interactions, Avoid concomitant use ... with NSAIDS, anticoagulants, and drugs that inhibit liver metabolism (e.g., cimetidine (Tagamet), ciproflaxin (Cipro), clarithromycin, diltiazem (Cardizem), enoxacin, erythromycin, fluoxetine (Prozac), fluvoxamine, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nefazodone, paroxetine (Paxil), ritonavir) may at least additively and perhaps synergistically interact with garlic. (MAM) Watch also with drugs extensively metabolized by the liver (alprazolam, amitriptyline, astemizole, carbamazepine, cisapride, clozapine, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, desipramine, diazepan (Valium), imipramine, phenytoin (Dilantin), propranolol, terfenadine (Seldane), theophylline, triazolam, warfarin (Coumadin), and drugs that may be affected by liver inhibition (e.g., propranolol, diazepam) (MAM). MAM tabulates allergic contact dermatosis, burning GI sensations, diaphoresis, diarrhea, light-headedness, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, nausea, spinal epidural hematoma, and vomiting as side effects of garlic (MAM). MAM even tries to attribute a case of spinal hematoma to garlic (in an 87-year-old man ingesting 2 g daily to prevent heart disease ). Perhaps they are too eager to accentuate the negative, attributing the problem to garlics ability to inhibit normal platelet function. Still accentuating the negative MAM talk about rats given massive doses (50 mg/day garlic powder) developing degenerative changes in 45 days and severe testicular lesions after 70 days (MAM). The credibility of their uncritical data is questionable; for example, on page 144, they talk about 0.75 mg garlic EO divided in three doses a day causing anorexia, nausea, severe vomiting, diarrhea, marked weight loss, metrorrhagia, and menorrhagia, yet on page 145 they casually discuss a dosage more than three orders of magnitude higher for 20 days, lowering platelet aggregation from 30.37% to 21.21% (MAM). At 3 × 300 mg/day coated garlic powder tablet, GI discomfort was the most frequent side effect; also bloating, dizziness, headache, hypotensive circulatory reactions, outbreaks of sweating; daily doses of 900 - 1200 mg were
associated with garlic odor.

Extracts (Garlic) :
- Extracts >30 ml/kg orl ipr scu in mus rat. Active hypoglycemic compounds may have insulin-sparing activity, the thiol groups competing for insulin with the inactivating compounds (PNC). Ajoene antiaggregant, antilipoxygenase, antiprostaglandin (CAN; PNC); synergizes antiaggregant activity of dipyramidole, forskolin, indomethacin, and prostacyclin. Garlic (or allicin) antiseptic to Aeromonas, Aspergillus, Bacillus, Candida albicans, Citrobacter, Cryptococcus, Epidermophyton, Escherichia coli, Herpes, Influenza, Klebsiela, Microsporum, Proteus, Providencia, Rhodotorula, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Torulopsis, Trichomonas spp, Trichophyton, Trichosporum, and Vibrio cholerae (CAN; PNC). LD50 = 60 mg/kg ivn mouse (SHT), 120 mg/kg scu mouse (M11; SHT). Might be a good way to cut back on your grocery bill (except for garlic), if you believe this quote Rats fed up to 2000 mg/kg garlic extract for 6 months showed no weight loss but did show a slightly reduced food intake relative to controls. There were no changes in renal function, hematologic parameters, or selected serologic parameters, and there was no evidence of any pathologic changes in organs or tissues. Clinical studies suggest utility if atherosclerosis, cardiopathy, GI disorders, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure (FAD). Commission E approvals differ; Blumenthal et al. (1998) approve 4 g fresh garlic or equivalent preparations supportive to dietary measures at elevated levels of lipids in blood and preventative measures for age-dependent vascular changes while Gruenwald et al. (1998) approve for almost the same things for which they approve echinacea, viz. atherosclerosis, bronchosis, cold, cough, fever, pharyngosis, stomatosis, and tendency to infection.