FENNEL FOENICULUM VULGARE MILL

FENNEL (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) ++

Activities (Fennel) :
- Abortifacient (1; CRC); Alexeteric (f; KAB); Analgesic (1; APA; CRC; MAB; SKY; TAD); Anorectic (1; APA; TAD); Antiandrogenic (1; MAB); Antibacterial (1; APA; MAB; TAD); Antidopaminergic (1; MAB); Antidote (f; APA); Antiedemic (1; TRA); Antifertility (1; MAB); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; PNC; SHT; TRA); Antileukemic (1; MAB); Antioxidant (1; MAB); Antipyretic (1; MAB; SKY; TAD); Antiseptic (1; KOM; MAB; TAD; TRA); Antispasmodic (1; APA; KOM; MAB; PH2; PNC; TRA; WAM); Antitussive (1; MAB); Antiviral (1; TRA); Antiwrinkle (f; MAB); Aperitif (f; BGB; JFM; KAB; PNC); Aphrodisiac (1; CRC; KAB; MAB); Bitter (1; KAB); Cardiotonic (f; CRC); Carminative (1; APA; PNC; SUW; TRA; WAM); Choleretic (1; MAB; SKY; TAD); Cholinomimetic (1; MAB); Collyrium (f; CRC; DEM; JFM); Cytotoxic (1;
MAB); Diaphoretic (f; NAD); Digestive (1; AKT; BGB; TAD; WAM); Diuretic (1; APA; HHB; MAB; SUW; TRA; ZUL); Emmenagogue (1; APA; CRC; FFJ14:382; SUW); Estrogenic (1; TRA); Expectorant (1; APA; MAB; SHT; TRA); Estrogenic (1; APA; PNC; SKY); Eupeptic (1; TRA); Expectorant (f; CRC); Fungicide (1; CRC; MAB; TRA); Gastrostimulant (f; PH2); Hepatoregenerative (1; PNC); Lactagogue (1; BGB; CRC; KAB; MAB; TAD; WAM); Laxative (f; NAD; SUW); Mastogenic (1; MAB); Mucogenic (1; MAB); Mucolytic (1; APA; BGB; MAB); Mutagenic (1; MAB); Myorelaxant (1; APA; MAB); Myostimulant (1; MAB); Narcotic (1; APA; CRC); Pectoral (f; CRC); Secretolytic (1; BGB; PIP; KOM); Stimulant (1; CRC; FFJ14:382; SUW); Stomachic (1; CRC; PNC; SUW); Tonic (f; CRC; JFM); Vagina Protective (1; MAB); Vermifuge (1; CRC; KAB; SUW).

Indications (Fennel) :
- Aerophagia (f; CRC); Alactea (1; MAB); Amenorrhea (1; CRC; KAB; MAB); Andropause (f; TAD); Anorexia (1; BGB; JFM; KAB; KAP; MAB; VVG); Apnea (1; MAB); Asthma (f; KAB); Backache (f; CRC); Bacteria (1; APA; MAB; TAD); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bite (f; CRC); Blepharosis (f; MAB); Body Odor (f; WAF); Bronchosis (2; PHR; PH2); Cancer (1; CRC; FNF; JLH); Cancer, breast (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, diaphragm (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, gum (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, prostate (f; APA); Cancer, spleen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, throat (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uvula (1; FNF; JLH); Catarrh (2; BGB; KOM; PH2; PIP); Cellulite (f; MAB); Childbirth (f; CRC; DEM); Cholera (f; CRC); Cold (f; JFM); Colic (1; APA; CRC; DEM; MAB; WAM); Colitis (f; AKT; MAB); Condyloma (f; CRC); Conjunctivosis (1; APA; MAB); Constipation (1; MAB; NAD; SUW); Cough (2; APA; KAB; MAB; PHR; PH2); Cramp (1; APA; BGB; CRC; KOM; MAB; PH2; PNC; TRA; WAM); Diarrhea (1; APA; MAB; SHT); Dysentery (f; AKT; KAB); Dysmenorrhea (f; AKT; BGB; HHB); Dyspepsia (2; KOM; MAB; PH2; SHT); Dysuria (f; CRC); Earache (f; TRA); Enterosis (2; AKT; BGB; CRC;
KAB; KAP; PH2; PIP; TRA); Enuresis (f; APA; CRC); Fever (1; KAB; MAB; NAD; SKY; TAD); Flu (1; ZUL); Flux (f; CRC); Frigidity (1; APA; CRC); Fullness (f; PH2); Fungus (1; CRC; MAB; TRA); Gas (2; APA; KOM; PH2; PNC; SUW; TRA; VVG; WAM); Gastrosis (2; BGB; CRC; KOM; PIP; TRA); Gonorrhea (f; CRC); Halitosis (1; AKT); Headache (f; KAB); Heart (f; CRC); Heartburn (f; DEM; MAB); Hepatosis (1; JLH; PNC); Hernia (f; APA; CRC; MAB); Hiccup (1; MAB); IBS (f; MAB; SKY); Impotence (1; CRC; MAB); Induration (f; CRC; JLH); Infection (1; CRC; MAB; TRA); Inflammation (1; APA; KAB; PNC; SHT; TRA); Jaundice (f; HHB; ZUL); Leprosy (f; KAB); Leukemia (1; MAB); Menopause (1; MAB); Morning Sickness (f; WAF); Motion Sickness (f; WAF); Mycosis (1; CRC; MAB; TRA); Nausea (1; APA; BGB; CRC; MAB); Nephrosis (f; CRC; KAB); Obesity (1; CRC; MAB); Oligolactea (1; WAM); Ophthalmia (f; CRC; DEM; KAB); Osteoporosis (1; TRA); Pain (1; APA; CRC; MAB; SKY; TAD); Pharyngosis (1; MAB); Pulmonosis (f; KAB); Respirosis (2; APA; KOM; PH2; PIP); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Side Ache (f; ZUL); Snakebite (f; APA; CRC; KAB); Sore (f; CRC); Spasm (f; CRC); Spermatorrhea (1; APA); Splenosis (f; CRC; KAB); Stomachache (1; APA; KAB; WAM; ZUL); Stomatosis (1; MAB); Strangury (f; CRC); Swelling (1; TRA); VD (f; CRC;
KAB); Tenesmus (f; CRC); Thirst (f; KAB); Toothache (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; JLH); Virility (f; CRC); Virus (1; TRA); Vomiting (f; MAB); Water Retention (1; APA; CRC; HHB; MAB; SUW; TRA; ZUL); Wen (f; JLH); Worm (1; CRC; KAB; SUW); Wound (f; KAB); Wrinkle (f; MAB).

Dosages (Fennel) :
- 900 - 1800 fruit/day (MAB); 2 - 6 tsp fresh seed (PED); 1 - 3 g dry seed (PED); 2 g dry seed:10 ml alcohol/10 ml water (PED); 5 - 7 g seed/day (PIP); 1/2 tsp seed/cup water 3 ×/day (SKY); 1 - 2 tsp mashed seed/cup water (APA); 10 - 40 g powder (KAP); 5 - 10 ml oil (KAP); 3 - 6 ml fluid extract (1:2)/day(MAB); 0.5 - 2 ml liquid seed extract (PNC); 2 - 4 ml tincture (SKY); 7 - 14 ml tincture (1:5)/day (MAB); 0.5 - 1 tsp tincture 3 ×/day (APA); 5 - 7.5 g compound tincture (PIP); 5 - 20 drops EO/day (MAB); 0.1 - 0.6 ml EO (PH2); 0.03 - 0.2 ml EO (PNC); 10 - 20 g fennel syrup (PIP); 0.3 - 1 ml concentrated fennel water (PNC).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Fennel) :
- Class 1 (AHP). Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages (PH2). Commission E reports no contraindications for herbal teas (and other preparations providing similar doses of EO), but other dosage forms (e.g., the EO) should be avoided during pregnancy. The EO should also be avoided in infants and small children (AEH). Nursing mothers taking anise and/or fennel tea to timulate lactation exhibited temporary CNS disturbances, emesis, lethargy, poor suckling, restlessness, and torpor in the newborn (15 - 20 days old), possibly due to anethole in the milk (infants were healthy at 6-month follow-up) (Acta Pediatrica 83: 683; 1994). To be avoided by women who are pregnant, lactating, or with an estrogen-dependent cancer (SKY). Adverse effects: isolated cases of allergic reactions of skin and lungs (AEH). Fennel represents a low allergenic risk. A case of asthma with atopic disposition caused by fennel has been reported (AEH). Seeds not to be long taken at rate of 6 g seed/day (Commission E), perhaps due to estrogenic anethole and carcinogenic estragole (Id not be afraid.) We might extend to all apiaceous oils Bissets comments on celery seed oil, The drug is contraindicated in inflammation of the kidneys, since apiaceous EOs may increase the inflammation as a result of epithelial irritation (BIS). Extracts of fennel can induce estrus and cause growth of mammary glands (MAB). Moderate doses of an acetone extract increased the weight of the mammary glands in rats (MAB). LD50 of EO 3120 = 4500 ml/kg orally (MAB); LD50 anethole 2090 mg/kg orl rat (MAB); LD50 fennel seed tincture = >3000 mg/kg orl rat (equivalent to 30,000 seed) (MAB).