ABSCESS ROOT (Polemonium reptans L.) Activities (Abscess Root) : - Alterative (f; EFS); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Astri

Adams Needles Spanishn Bayonet

ADAMS NEEDLES, SPANISH BAYONET (Yucca filamentosa L.) - Few taxonomists and herbalists and even fewer pharmacists and p

African Caper African Quinine

AFRICAN CAPER (Capparis tomentosa Lam.) + Activities (African Caper):  -  Antispasmodic (1; VVG); Decongestan

African Spurge Euphorbia Resinifera

AFRICAN SPURGE (Euphorbia resinifera O. Berg & C. F. Schmidt) Activities (African Spurge):  - Abortifacient (f

African Wormwood African Wild Yam

AFRICAN WORMWOOD (Artemisia afra Jacq.) + Activities (African Wormwood):  Analgesic (1; VVG; ZUL); Analeptic (1; V

Aga Fly Agaric Agar

AGA, FLY AGARIC (Amanita muscaria) X Activities (Aga): - GABA-Antagonist (1; PH2); Hallucinogen (1; PH2); Paralytic (1

Agrimony Agrimonia Eupatoria

AGRIMONY (Agrimonia eupatoria L.) ++ Activities (Agrimony):  - Aggregant (1; CRC; PH2; ZUL); Antibacterial (1; FNF

Air Plant Tree Of Life

AIR PLANT, TREE OF LIFE (Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken) + Synonym: - Kalanchoe pinnata Pers. Activities (Ai

Air Potato Dioscorea Bulbifera

AIR POTATO (Dioscorea bulbifera L.) ++ Synonym: - Dioscorea latifolia Benth. Activities (Air Potato): - Al

Ajowan Bishops Weed

AJOWAN, BISHOPS WEED (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill.) +++ Synonyms: - Ammi copticum L., Carum ajowan ined

Akee Apples Seso Vegetal

AKEE APPLES, SESO VEGETAL, ACKEE (Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig) X Synonym: - Cupania sapida J. Voigt Activities

Albizzia Siris Albizia Lebbeck

ALBIZZIA, SIRIS (Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.) + Synonyms: - Acacia lebbek (L.) Willd., Mimosa lebbeck L. Activi

Alexandrian Senna Senna Alexadrina

ALEXANDRIAN SENNA (Senna alexandrina Mill.) + Synonyms: - Cassia acutifolia Delile, C. angustifolia Vahl, C. lanceolata

Alfalfa Medicago Sativa

ALFALFA (Medicago sativa L.) + Activities (Alfalfa): - Abortifacient (f; MAD); Alterative (f; PED); Antiatherosclerotic

Alisma Alisma Plantago AQuatica

ALISMA (Alisma plantago-aquatica L.) + Synonym Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz. Activities (Alisma): Antidote,

Alkanet Alkanna Dyers Alkanet

ALKANET, ALKANNA, DYERS ALKANET (Alkanna tinctoria Tausch) X Synonyms: - A. lehmanii (Tineo) A. DC., A. tuberculata (Fo

Allspice Pimenta Dioica

ALLSPICE (Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.) ++ Synonyms: - Myrtus dioica L., M. pimenta L., P. officinalis Lindl., P. pimenta

Almond Oil Prunus Dulcis

ALMOND OIL (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) ++ Synonyms: - Amygdalus communis L., A. dulcis Mill., Prunus amygdalus Ba

Almond Prunus Dulcis

ALMOND (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) ++ Synonyms: Amygdalus communis L., A. dulcis Mill., Prunus amygdalus Batsch,

Aloe Aloe Vera

ALOE (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.) (Gel) ++ Synonyms: - A. barbadensis Mill., A. perfoliata var. vera L., A. vulgaris Lam.

Aloes Aloe Vera

ALOES (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.) (Inner leaf or Dried Leaf Juice) + Synonyms: - A. barbadensis Mill., A. perfoliata var.

Alpina Ragwort Senecio Nemorensis

ALPINE RAGWORT (Senecio nemorensis L.) X PH2 may have been confused in assigning the common names life root and squaw weed

Alpine Cranberry Vaccinium Vitis

ALPINE CRANBERRY (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) ++ With at least 10 common names available in the USDA online, youd think that

Alpine Rose Rhododendron Ferrugineum

ALPINE ROSE (Rhododendron ferrugineum L.) X Activities (Alpine Rose): - Astringent (1; HHB); Diuretic (f; HHB); Hypoten

American Bittersweet Celastrus Scandens

AMERICAN BITTERSWEET (Celastrus scandens L.) X Activities (American Bittersweet): - Analgesic (f; DEM); Antipyretic (f;

American Corn Mint

AMERICAN CORN MINT, CANADIAN MINT, JAPANESE MINT (Mentha canadensis L.) ++ Synonyms: - M. arvensis var. glabrata Fernal

American Ginseng Ginseng

AMERICAN GINSENG, GINSENG (Panax quinquefolius L.) +++ Activities (American Ginseng): - Adaptogen (f; FAD); Anticonvuls

American Hellebore Veratrum Viride

AMERICAN HELLEBORE (Veratrum viride Aiton) X Synonyms: - V. eschscholtzii A. Gray, V. lobelianum var. eschscholtzianum

American Liverleaf Anemone Acutiloba

AMERICAN LIVERLEAF (Anemone acutiloba (DC.) G. Lawson) + Synonym: - Hepatica nobilis var. acuta (Pursh) Steyermark. DEM

American Pennyroyal Hedeoma Pulegioides

AMERICAN PENNYROYAL (Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.) + (down from CRC) Synonym: - Melissa pulegioides L. Activi

American Solomons Seal Beech

AMERICAN SOLOMONS-SEAL (Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliot) ++ Activities (American Solomons-Seal): -  Analgesic

American White Spruce

AMERICAN WHITE SPRUCE (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss) ++ Synonyms: - Abies canadensis Mill., P. canadensis (Mill.) Br

Ammoniac Dorema Ammoniacum

AMMONIAC (Dorema ammoniacum D. Don) + Activities (Ammoniac): - Antispasmodic (f; PH2; PNC); Antitumor (f; JLH); Diaphor

Amur Corktree Phellodendron Amurense

AMUR CORKTREE (Phellodendron amurense Rupr.) ++   Activities (Amur Corktree): - Alterative (f; DAA); Analgesic (f;

Anemarrhena Asphodelioides Bunge

ANEMARRHENA (Anemarrhena asphodelioides Bunge) ++ Activities (Anemarrhena): - Antiaggregant (1; PH2); Antiinflammatory

Angelica Wild Parsnip

ANGELICA, WILD PARSNIP (Angelica archangelica L.) ++ Synonyms: - A. officinalis Moench, Archangelica officinalis (Moenc

Angled Loofah Chinese Okra

ANGLED LOOFAH, CHINESE OKRA (Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.) ++ Synonym: - Cucumis acutangulus L. Activities (Angl

Angostura Angostura Trifoliata

ANGOSTURA (Angostura trifoliata (Willd.) T. S. Elias) ++ Synonyms: - Bonplandia trifoliata Willd., Galipea officinalis

Anise Pimpinella Anisum

ANISE (Pimpinella anisum L.) ++ Synonym: - Anisum vulgare Gaertn. Activities (Anise): - Abortifacient (f; CA

Annatto Bixa Orellana

ANNATTO (Bixa orellana L.) ++ Activities (Annatto): - Antibacterial (1; 60P; TRA); Antidote, cassava (f; JFM); Antidote

Annual Mercury Mercurialis Annua

ANNUAL MERCURY (Mercurialis annua L.) + Some (e.g., MAD) aggregate the annual and perennial Mercurialis. Activities (A

Anserina Silverweed Potentilla Anserina

ANSERINA, SILVERWEED (Potentilla anserina L.) ++ Activities (Anserina): - Antiallergic (1; BIS; FNF); Antiherpetic (1;

Apple Malus Domestica

APPLE (Malus domestica Borkh.) +++ Synonyms: -M. malus (L.) Britton, M. pumila auct., M. pumila var. domestica (Borkh.)

Apricot Prunus Armeniaca

APRICOT (Prunus armeniaca L.) ++ Synonyms: - Amygdalus armeniaca (L.) Dumort., Armeniaca vulgaris Lam., P. armeniaca va

Araroba Andira Araroba Aguan

ARAROBA (Andira araroba Aguan) + Activities (Araroba): - Allergenic (1; PH2); Alterative (f; CRC); Antispasmodic (f; EF

Arjuna Terminalia Arjuna

ARJUNA (Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.) + Synonym: - Pentaptera arjuna Roxb. ex DC. Activiti

Arnica Arnica Montana

ARNICA (Arnica montana L.) + (external); X (internal) Activities (Arnica). - Allergenic (1; MAB; PHR); Analeptic (1; BI

Arrow Poison Arrach

ARROW-POISON (Strophanthus sarmentosus DC.) X PH2 and EFS entries below generic (i.e., mostly for S. kombe Oliv. & S. grat

Arrowroot Maranta Arundinacea

ARROWROOT (Maranta arundinacea L.) +++ Activities (Arrowroot): - Alexeteric (f; CRC); Antibilious (1; PHR); Antipyretic

Artichoke Cynara Cardunculus

ARTICHOKE (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. cardunculus) +++ Synonym : - Cynara scolymus L. Activities (Artichoke):

Asafetida Devils Dung

ASAFETIDA, DEVILS DUNG (Ferula assa-foetida L.) ++ Labeled Ferula foetida in AHP, KAP, and PH2. Activities (Asafetida)

Ashwagandha Withania Somnifera

ASHWAGANDHA (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) + Synonym: Physalis somnifera L. Activities (Ashwagandha): Abort

Asian Meadow Thalictrum Foliolosum

ASIAN MEADOW-RUE (Thalictrum foliolosum DC.) + Activities (Asian Meadow-Rue): Antipyretic (f; KAP; SUW); Aperient (f; K

Asiatik Dogwood Japanese Cornel

ASIATIC DOGWOOD, JAPANESE CORNEL (Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc.) ++ Activities (Asiatic Dogwood): - Antiallerg

Asoka Saraca Indica

ASOKA (Saraca indica L.) + Synonym: - Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde. Activities (Asoka): - Abortifaci

Asparagus Asparagus Officinalis

ASPARAGUS (Asparagus officinalis L.) ++ Synonym: A. longifolius Fisch. ex Steud. Activities (Asparagus) : An

Autumn Crocus Colchicum Meadow

AUTUMN CROCUS, COLCHICUM, MEADOW-SAFFRON (Colchicum autumnale L.) X WOI entries apply to Colchicum luteum Baker Activi

Avens Bennets Root

AVENS, BENNETS ROOT (Geum urbanum L.)++ Activities (Avens): Antidiarrheal (f; CAN); Antihemorrhagic (1; CAN; FNF); Anti

Avocado Persea Americana

AVOCADO (Persea americana Mill.) +++ (The +++ applies only to the fruits; leaves and seeds are much less safe.) Ac

Aztec Marigold Tagetes Erecta

AZTEC MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) ++ Activities (Aztec Marigold): Analgesic (f; DAV); Antibacterial (1; WOI); Bat Repe

Babys Breath Gypsophila Paniculata

BABY'S BREATH (Gypsophila paniculata L.) + Activities (Baby's Breath): Antiseptic (1; PHR); Cytotoxic (2; KOM); Depurat

Bael Bengal Quince

BAEL, BENGAL QUINCE (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa) ++ Synonym: Belou marmelos (L.) A. Lyons, Crateva marmelos L.

Bai Zhu Atraktylodes

BAI ZHU, ATRACTYLODES (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.) ++ Perry treats all three of the species covered here as one from

Baical Skullcap Scutellaria Baicalensis

BAICAL SKULLCAP (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) ++ Activities (Baical Skullcap): Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor (1; KEB);

Balloon Flower Platycodon Grandiflorum

BALLOON FLOWER (Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC) ++ Synonym: Campanula glauca Thunb., C. grandiflora Jacq., P. gl

Balmony Turtlehead Chelone Glabra

BALMONY, TURTLEHEAD (Chelone glabra L.) +++ Activities (Balmony): Antibilious (f; EFS); Antidepressant (f; PNC); Antiem

Balsam F?r Abies Balsamea

BALSAM FIR (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill) ++ Synonym: A. balsamea f. nana (J. Nelson) Beissner, A. balsamea var. phanerolep

Balsam Of Peru Myroxylon Balsamum

BALSAM OF PERU (Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms) ++ Synonym: Myrospermum pereirae Royle, Myro

Balsam Of Tolu Myroxylon Balsamum

BALSAM OF TOLU (Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms) ++ Activities (Balsam of Tolu): Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antiseptic (1; F

Ban Xia Pinellia Ternata

BAN XIA (Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino) + Synonym : Arisaema cochinchinense Blume, Arum dracontium Lour., A. ternatu

Banana Plantain Musa Paradisiaca

BANANA, PLANTAIN (Musa x paradisiaca L.) ++ Synonym: M. dacca Horan., M. rosacea Jacq., M. x paradisiaca subsp. sapient

Baneberry Actaea Spicata

BANEBERRY (Actaea spicata L.) X Synonym: A. spicata var. nigra L. Activities (Baneberry): Antibacterial (1;

Barbasco Dioscorea Composita Hemsl

BARBASCO (Dioscorea composita Hemsl.) + Synonym: D. terpinapensis Uline ex R. Knuth. Activities (Barbasco):

Barberry Berberis Vulgaris

BARBERRY (Berberis vulgaris L.) + Synonym: B. jacquinii hort. ex K. Koch, B. sanguinea hort. ex K. Koch, B. vulgaris f.

Barley Hordeum Vulgare

BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.) +++ Activities (Barley): Abortifacient (f; BIB); Antilactagogue (f; BIB); Antipyretic (f; B

Basil Sweet Basil

BASIL, SWEET BASIL (Ocimum basilicum L.) ++ Synonym: O. basilicum var. glabratum Benth., O. basilicum var. majus Benth.

Bastard Cedar Guazuma Ulmifolia

BASTARD CEDAR (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.) ++ Activities (Bastard Cedar): Analeptic (1; TRA); Antibacterial (1; AAB; TRA);

Battle Gourd Calabash

BOTTLE GOURD, CALABASH (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) +++ Synonym: Cucurbita lagenaria L., C. leucantha Duchesn

Bayberry Morella Cerifera

BAYBERRY (Morella cerifera (L.) Small) + Synonym: - Myrica cerifera L., Myrica cerifera var. pumila Michx., Myrica pumi

Bayleaf Laurel Laurus Nobilis

BAYLEAF, LAUREL (Laurus nobilis L.) ++ Activities (Bayleaf): - Abortifacient (f; SPI); Allergenic (1; CRC; PH2); Analge

Bayrum Tree Pimenta Racemosa

BAYRUM TREE (Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore.) +++ PHR entries are equivocal and probably apply to P. dioica (allspic

Bearberry Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi

BEARBERRY (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.) + Synonym: - Arbutus uva-ursi L. Activities (Bearberry): -

Bee Balm Beauty Berry

BEE BALM (Monarda didyma L.) +++   Activities (Bee Balm): - Abortifacient (f; DEM); Antipyretic (f; PHR); Antispasm

Beet Beta Vulgaris

BEET (Beta vulgaris L.) ++ Activities (Beet): - Anorectic (f; KAB); Antibacterial (1; WO2); Antiinflammatory (f; KAB);

Belladonna Atropa Belladonna

BELLADONNA (Atropa belladonna L.) XXX Activities (Belladonna): - Analgesic (1; CRC; FNF); Anesthetic (1; LAF); Antiasth

Belleric Terminalia Bellirica

BELLERIC (Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.) + Synonym: - Myrobalanus bellirica Gaertn. Activities (Belleric

Benzoin Styrax Benzoin Dryander

BENZOIN (Styrax benzoin Dryander.) ++ While the PH2 covers three species of the genus Styrax and one of the genus Liquidam

Betel Palm Areca Catechu

BETEL PALM (Areca catechu L.) X Activities (Betel Palm): - Abortifacient (1; WO2); Antibacterial (1; WO2); Antidote, ab

Betel Pepper Piper Betle

BETEL PEPPER (Piper betle L.) ++  Regrettably, the herbal PDR calls this betel nut. Piper betle is betel leaf, chewed with th

Bethroot Trillium Erectum

BETHROOT (Trillium erectum L.) +   Most early authors treated the species as interchangeable medicinally, so this acco

Bilberry Vaccinium Myrtillus

BILBERRY (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) +++ Activities (Bilberry): - Antiaggregant (1; APA; BGB; MAB; PED; PH2); Anticapillar

Birch Betula Spp

BIRCH (Betula spp.) ++ Betula pendula Roth, Betula pubescens Ehrh. Synonym: Betula alba L., Betula verrucosa Ehrh.

Birthwort Aristolochia Clematitis

BIRTHWORT (Aristolochia clematitis L.) X Activities (Birthwort): - Antiherpetic (1; PH2); Carcinogenic (1; PH2); Depura

Bishops Weed Ammi Visnaga

BISHOPS WEED (Ammi visnaga (L.) Lamarck) + Synonym: - Daucus visnaga L. Activities (Bishops Weed): - Antiath

Bistort Polygonum Bistorta

BISTORT (Polygonum bistorta L.) ++ Synonym: - Persicaria bistorta (L.) Samp. Activities (Bistort): - Anipyre

Bitter Candytuft Iberis Amara

BITTER CANDYTUFT (Iberis amara L.) X Synonym: - Iberis coronaria D. Don. Activities (Bitter Candytuft): &nbs

Bitter Melon Balsam Pear

BITTER MELON, BALSAM PEAR (Momordica charantia L.) + Synonym: - M. muricata Willd. Activities (Bitter Melon): B

Bitter Milkwort Black Ash

BITTER MILKWORT (Polygala amara L.) ++ Activities (Bitter Milkwort): - Bitter (f; PH2); Depurative (f; EFS; HHB); Diaph

Bittersweet Solanum Dulcamara

BITTERSWEET (Solanum dulcamara L.) + Activities (Bittersweet): - Alterative (f; CRC; DEP; KAB); Analgesic (1; CRC; PH2)

Bitterwood Quassia Amara

BITTERWOOD (Quassia amara L.) ++ Activities (Bitterwood): - Antianemic (f; HAD); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Antiseptic (f; F

Black Alder Alnus Glutinosa

BLACK ALDER (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) ++ Synonym: - A. barbata C. A. Mey., A. glutinosa subsp. barbata (C. A. Mey.

Black Bean Green Bean

BLACK BEAN, GREEN BEAN, etc. (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) +++ The herbal PDR, which erroneously attributes the origin of the pl

Black Bryony Tamus Communis

BLACK BRYONY (Tamus communis L.) X Activities (Black Bryony): - Allergenic (1; PH2); Diuretic (f; GMH); Emetic (1; GMH;

Black Cohosh Actaea Racemosa

BLACK COHOSH (Actaea racemosa L.) + Synonym: - Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. Activities (Black Cohosh): - A

Black Cumin Nigella Sativa

BLACK CUMIN (Nigella sativa L.) ++ The prophet Muhammad reportedly recommended black cumin as a cure-all to his associat

Black Currant Fruit

BLACK CURRANT FRUIT (Ribes nigrum L.) +++ Synonym: - Ribes nigrum var. chlorocarpum Späth. Entries are for fruits rathe

Black Currant Leaf Ribes

BLACK CURRANT LEAF (Ribes nigrum L.) + Synonym : - Ribes nigrum var. chlorocarpum Späth. Activities (Black Curr

Black Currant Seed Oil

BLACK CURRANT SEED OIL (Ribes nigrum L.) +++ Synonym: - Ribes nigrum var. chlorocarpum Späth. Activities (Black

Black Dot Scurfy Pea

BLACK DOT, SCURFY PEA (Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik.) ++ Synonym: - Psoralea corylifolia L. Old, old synonym, Trifoli

Black Haw Viburnum Prunifolium

BLACK HAW (Viburnum prunifolium L.) + Activities (Black Haw): - Antiabortive (f; FEL); Anticonvulsive (f; DEM); Antidia

Black Horehound Ballota Nigra

BLACK HOREHOUND (Ballota nigra L.) ++ Activities (Black Horehound):  Antiaging (1; PR14:93); Antiemetic (f; PH2; P

Black Locust Robinia Pseudoacacia

BLACK LOCUST (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) +   Synonyms: - R. pseudoacacia f. erecta Rehder, R. pseudoacacia f. inermis

Black Mulberry Morus Nigra

BLACK MULBERRY (Morus nigra L.) +++ I suspect that most birds and few foresters, herbalists, publishing phytochemists, phy

Black Mustard Brassica Nigra

BLACK MUSTARD (Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch) ++ Synonym: - Brassica nigra var. abyssinica A. Braun, Sinapis nigra

Black Nigtshade Solanum Nigrum

BLACK NIGHTSHADE (Solanum nigrum L.) + Activities (Black Nightshade): - Alterative (f; DEP); Analgesic (f; JFM; PHR; PH

Black Pepper Piper Nigrum

BLACK PEPPER (Piper nigrum L.) +++ Activities (Black Pepper): - Abortifacient (f; CRC); Alexeteric (f; DEP); Analeptic

Black Phys?cnut Jatropha Gossypiifolia

BLACK PHYSICNUT (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.) X Activities (Black Physicnut): - Allergenic (f; CRC); Antibacterial (1; CR

Black Walnut Juglans Nigra

BLACK WALNUT (Juglans nigra L.) + Activities (Black Walnut): - Alterative (f; NUT); Anti-HIV (f; APA); Antiseptic (1; F

Blackberry Lily Belamcanda Chinensis

BLACKBERRY LILY (Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.) ++ Synonym: - B. punctata Moench, Gemmingia chinensis Kuntze, Ixia chin

Blackberry Rubus Spp

BLACKBERRY (Rubus spp.) ++ Most European entries (EFS, HHB, MAD, PH2) accrue to R. fruticosus, the European blackberry. Mo

Blackroot Veronicastrum Virginicum

BLACKROOT (Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.) + Synonym : Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt., Veronica virginica L.

Bladder Dock Rumex Vesicarius

BLADDER DOCK (Rumex vesicarius L.) ++ Synonym : Acetosa vesicaria (L.) Á. Löve. Activities (Bladder Dock): BR

Bladderwort Blue Cardinal Flower

BLADDERWORT (Utricularia vulgaris L.) ++ Activities (Bladderwort) : Antiinflammatory (1; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; PH2);

Blessed Thstle Cnicus Benedictus

BLESSED THISTLE (Cnicus benedictus L.) ++ Activities (Blessed Thistle): - Allergenic (1; APA); Analgesic (f; APA); Anti

Bletilla Hardy Orchid

BLETILLA, HARDY ORCHID (Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f.) ++ Synonym : - Bletia hyacinthina (J. E. Smith) R. Br.; Cym

Bloodroot Sanguinaria Canadensis

BLOODROOT (Sanguinaria canadensis L.) X Activities (Bloodroot): - Abortifacient (f; CEB; DEM); Alterative (f; CRC); Ana

Blue Cohosh Caulophyllum Thalictroides

BLUE COHOSH (Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.) + Activities (Blue Cohosh): - Abortifacient (f; CAN; PH2); Antiede

Blue Flag Iris Versicolor

BLUE FLAG (Iris versicolor L.) + For orris, see Iris x germanica. Is it the irises, or the taxonomists (or me) who are scr

Blueberry Vaccinium Angustifolia Aiton

BLUEBERRY (Vaccinium angustifolia Aiton and corymbosum L.) +++ Synonym: - V. brittonii Porter ex C. Bicknell, V. lamarc

Bog Bilberry Bog Blueberry

BOG BILBERRY, BOG BLUEBERRY (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) ++ Activities (Bog Bilberry):  Narcotic (f; CEB; EFS).

Bogbean Menyanthes Trifoliata

BOGBEAN (Menyanthes trifoliata L.) + Activities (Bogbean): - Anabolic (f; DEM); Antiedemic (1; FNF); Antihemorrhagic (1

Boldo Peumus Boldus Molina

BOLDO (Peumus boldus Molina) + Synonym : Boldea fragrans (Ruiz & Pav.) Gay, Peumus fragrans Ruiz & Pav.

Boneset Eupatorium Perfoliatum

BONESET (Eupatorium perfoliatum L.) ++ Activities (Boneset): - Antibacterial (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; PH2; P

Borage Borago Officinalis

BORAGE (Borago officinalis L.) + Activities (Borage): - Adrenocorticostimulant (f; APA; CAN); Analgesic (f; PHR; PH2);

Borrachero Floripondio Brugmansia Candida

BORRACHERO, FLORIPONDIO (Brugmansia x candida Pers.) X Synonym : Datura candida (Pers.) Saff. Activities

Boswellia Boswellia Serrata Roxb

BOSWELLIA (Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr.) ++ Synonym : - B. glabra Roxb. Activities (Boswellia) :

Bowmans Root Gillenia Trifoliata

BOWMANS ROOT (Gillenia trifoliata (L.) Moench) + Synonym : Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britton, Spiraea trifoliata L.

Boxwood Buxus Sempervirens

BOXWOOD (Buxus sempervirens L.) + Synonym :  - B. colchica Pojark. Activities (Boxwood): - Alterat

Brahmi Bacopa Monnieri

BRAHMI (Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell) ++ Activities (Brahmi) : - Adaptogen (1; WOI); Analgesic (f; KEB); Anticancer (1;

Brazilian Peppert Ree Schinus Terebinthifolius

BRAZILIAN PEPPERTREE (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) + Activities (Brazilian Peppertree) :  - Antibacterial

Brazilnut Bertholletia Excelsa Bonpl

BRAZILNUT (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) ++ As our richest source of selenium, I think those who are not allergic to Brazil

Brewers Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

BREWERS YEAST (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ++ Activities (Brewers Yeast) : Allergenic (1; PH2); Antibacterial (1; PH2); A

British Elecampane Inula Britannica

BRITISH ELECAMPANE (Inula britannica L.) ++ Synonym : - Inula japonica Thunb. Activities (British Elecampane):

Broccoli Brassica Oleracea

BROCCOLI (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) +++ (Asparagus Broccoli, Cape Broccoli, Heading Broccoli, Sprouting Brocco

Bromelain From Ananas Comosus

BROMELAIN (from Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) + See Pineapple. Activities (Bromelain) :  - Antiaggregant (2; KOM

Brooklime Veronica Beccabunga

BROOKLIME (Veronica beccabunga L.) ++ Activities (Brooklime): - Alterative (f; EFS); Antipyretic (f; FEL); Antiscorbuti

Broom Corn Sorghum Bicolor

BROOM CORN (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) ++ Synonym : - See USDA (GRIN) for long list of synonyms. Activi

Brown Kelp Bunchberry

BROWN KELP (Macrocystis pyrifera C. Agardh) ++ Activities (Brown Kelp) : Antiobesity (f; PH2). Indications

Brussels Sprouts Brassica Oleracea

BRUSSELS SPROUTS (Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera Zenker) +++ Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower are lightly c

Buchu Agathosma Betulina

BUCHU (Agathosma betulina (P. J. Bergius) Pillans) + Synonym : - Barosma betulina (P. J. Bergius) Bartl. & H. L. We

Buckwheat Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench

BUCKWHEAT (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) +++ Synonym : - F. saggittatum Gilib., F. vulgare Hill. Activities

Bugle Ajuga Reptans

BUGLE (Ajuga reptans L.) + Activities (Bugle) : - Antipyretic (f; EFS); Astringent (1; PHR); Carminative (f; CRC; EFS);

Bugleweed Lycopus Europaeus

BUGLEWEED (Lycopus europaeus L. or L. virginicus L.) +++ Activities (Bugleweed) : - Antideiodinater (T4) (2; KOM);

Bulbous Buttercup Ranunculus Bulbosus

BULBOUS BUTTERCUP (Ranunculus bulbosus L.) + Activities (Bulbous Buttercup) : - Abortifacient (f; MAD); Allergenic (f;

Bupleurum Hares Ear

BUPLEURUM, HARES EAR (Bupleurum chinense DC. or B. falcatum L.) ++ Treated as Chinese Thoroughwax by PH2. Activiti

Burdock Arctium Lappa

BURDOCK (Arctium lappa L.) +++ Synonym : - A. edule (Siebold ex Miq.) Nakai, Lappa edulis Siebold ex Miq., L. major Gae

Burning Bush Dittany Gasplant

BURNING BUSH, DITTANY, GASPLANT (Dictamnus albus L.) ++ Synonym :, - D. caucasicus (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Gross

Burr Marigold Wate Agrimony

BURR MARIGOLD, WATER AGRIMONY (Bidens tripartita L.) ++ Synonym : - B. comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand, B. connata Muhl.

Butchers Broom Ruscus Aculeatus

BUTCHERS BROOM (Ruscus aculeatus L.) ++ Activities (Butchers Broom) : - Alpha-Adrenergic (1; PNC); Antiaggregant (

Butterbur Petasites Hybridus

BUTTERBUR (Petasites hybridus (L.) P. Gaertn. et al. and P. officinalis Moench) + Synonym : - Tussilago hybrida L.

Butternut Juglans Cinerea

BUTTERNUT (Juglans cinerea L.) +++ PH2 goofed and listed Juglans nigra and Black Walnut, which they do not treat separatel

Cabbage Bark Cabeza De Angel

CABBAGE BARK (Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC.) + Synonyms : A. excelsa Kunth, A. jamaicensis Urb., A. race

Cabbage Brassica Oleracea Var

CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) +++ Few if any taxonomists and agronomists can distinguish all Brassica varie

Cacao Theobroma Cacao

CACAO (Theobroma cacao L.) ++ Activities (Cacao): - Allergenic (1; CRC); Antibacterial (1; APA); Antioxidant (1; APA);

Cajeput Melaleuca Leucadendra

CAJEPUT (Melaleuca leucadendra L.) ++ Synonyms: - Kajuputi leucadendra (L.) Rusby, Myrtus leucadendra L. After visi

Calabash Tree Crescentia Cujete

CALABASH TREE (Crescentia cujete L.) + Activities (Calabash Tree): - Abortifacient (f; AAB; DAV; 60P); Analgesic (f; MP

Calamint California Bay

CALAMINT (Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi.) ++ Synonyms : - Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze, Melissa nepeta L., Satureja cal

Calamus Acorus Calamus

CALAMUS (Acorus calamus L.) XXX Activities (Calamus): - Analgesic (1; KAP; ZUL); Anthelminthic (f; CRC; VVG); Antibacte

Calendula Marigold Pot Marigold

CALENDULA, MARIGOLD, POT-MARIGOLD (Calendula officinalis L.) +++ Synonym : - C. officinalis var. prolifera hort. B

California Peppertree Schinus Molle

CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE (Schinus molle L.) + Synonym : - Schinus huygan Molina. Activities (California Peppertree

California Poppy Eschscholzia Californica

CALIFORNIA POPPY (Eschscholzia californica Cham.) + Activities (California Poppy) : - Analgesic (1; CRC; EFS; HHB); Ant

Camphor Cinnamomum Camphora

CAMPHOR (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl) X Synonym : - Laurus camphora L. Many books confuse camphor the tree wi

Camu Camu Myrciaria Dubia

CAMU-CAMU (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh) +++ Synonyms : - M. paraensis O. Berg, Psidium dubium Kunth. Activi

Canada Yew Taxus Canadensis

CANADA YEW (Taxus canadensis Marshall) X Activities (Canada Yew) : - Abortifacient (f; CEB; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; DEM);

Canadian Goldenrod Solidago Canadensis

CANADIAN GOLDENROD (Solidago canadensis L.) ++ Synonym : - S. longifolia Schrad. ex DC. With good reason, many auth

Cancer Herb Canaigre

CANCER HERB (Acalypha arvensis Poepp. & Endl.) + Activities (Cancer Herb) : Antibacterial (1; TRA); Antiemetic (f;

Candlebush Senna Alata Cajuput

CANDLEBUSH (Senna alata (L.) Roxb.) + Synonym : - Cassia alata L. Activities (Candlebush) : - Abortifacient

Cane Reed Costus Speciosus

CANE REED (Costus speciosus (J. König) Sm.) ++ Synonym : - Banksea speciosa J. König. Activities (Cane Reed) :

Canola Oilseed Rape

CANOLA, OILSEED RAPE (Brassica napus var. napus) ++ Synonyms : - B. campestris f. annua Schubl. & G. Martens, B. ca

Cape Aloe Candlenut

CAPE ALOE (Aloe ferox Mill.) ++ Synonym : Aloe supralaevis Haw. Activities (Cape Aloe) : Antiallergic (1; ZU

Cape Gooseberry Carline Thistle

CARLINE THISTLE (Carlina acaulis L.) ++ Activities (Carline Thistle) : Anthelminthic (f; HHB); Antibacterial (1; PH2);

Caper Capparis Spinosa

CAPER (Capparis spinosa L.) +++ Synonym : - Capparis rupestris Sm. Activities (Caper) : - Alterative (f; EFS

Capsicum Capsicum Frutescens

CAPSICUM (Capsicum frutescens L. spp.) ++ (Bell Pepper, Capsicum, Cayenne, Hot Chile, Paprika, Red Pepper.) Activities

Carambola Averrhoa Carambola

CARAMBOLA (Averrhoa carambola L.) ++ Activities (Carambola) : - Abortifacient (f; WO2); Antidote (f; WO2); Antiinflamma

Caraway Carum Carvi

CARAWAY (Carum carvi L.) ++ Synonym : - Carum velenovskyi Rohlena. Activities (Caraway) : - Anthelminthic (f

Cardamom Elettaria Cardamomum

CARDAMOM (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) ++ Synonym : - Amomum cardamomum L. Activities (Cardamom) : - Abo

Carnation Carob Ceratonia Siliqua

CARNATION (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) ++ Activities (Carnation) : - Alexeteric (f; WOI); Allergenic (1; X10400858); Anth

Carrot Daucus Carota

CARROT (Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) ++ Activities (Carrot) : - Abortifacient (f; WBB; WOI); Anthe

Cascara Sagrada Frangula Purshiana

CASCARA SAGRADA (Frangula purshiana (DC.) J. G. Cooper) + Synonym : - Rhamnus purshiana DC. Activities (Cascara

Cascarilla Croton Eluteria Cashew

CASCARILLA (Croton eluteria (L.) Sw.) + Synonym : - Clutia eluteria L. Activities (Cascarilla) : - Antisepti

Cassia Cinnamomum Aromaticum Nees

CASSIA (Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees) +++   Synonym : Cinnamomum cassia auct. (Chinese cassia, Chinese cinnamon, as d

Cassie Cedar Of Lebanon

CASSIE (Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.) ++ Synonyms : - A. smallii Isely, Mimosa farnesiana L. Activities (Cassi

Castor Ricinus Communis

CASTOR (Ricinus communis L.) + Activities (Castor) : - Analgesic (1; APA; CRC); Antiabsorptive (f; PH2); Antibacterial

Catechu Black Cutch Catgut

CATECHU, BLACK CUTCH (Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd.) ++ Synonym : - Mimosa catechu L. f. Activities (Catechu) :

Cats Claw Uncaria Tomentosa

CATS CLAW (Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC.) ++ Synonym : - Nauclea tomentosa Willd. ex Schult. Activi

Cauliflower Brassica Oleracea Var

CAULIFLOWER (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) +++ The USDA lists only two varieties of cauliflower, the darker purple o

Cedar Juniperus Virginiana

RED CEDAR (Juniperus virginiana L.) ++ Activities (Red Cedar) : Abortifacient (1; CEB; DEM); Antiaggregant (f; CEB); A

Celandine Chelidonium Majus

CELANDINE (Chelidonium majus L.) + Activities (Celandine) : - Abortifacient (f; MAD); Alterative (f; CRC; PNC); Analges

Celery Apium Graveolens

CELERY (Apium graveolens L.) +++ Activities (Celery) : - Abortifacient (f; CAN; KAB); Analgesic (1; FEL; FNF; KAB; PED)

Celery Leaved Buttercup Ranunculus

CELERY-LEAVED BUTTERCUP (Ranunculus sceleratus L.) + Activities (Celery-Leaved Buttercup) : - Allergenic (1; FNF); Anal

Centaury European Centaury

CENTAURY, EUROPEAN CENTAURY (Centaurium erythraea Rafn) ++ Synonyms : - Centaurium minus auct., Centaurium umbellatum G

Chaff Flower Achyranthes Aspera

CHAFF-FLOWER (Achyranthes aspera L.) ++ Activities (Chaff-Flower) : - Abortifacient (1; DEP; SKJ; WO2; ZUL); Alterative

Chamomile Matricaria Recutita

CHAMOMILE (Matricaria recutita L.) +++ Synonyms : - Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, M. chamomilla auct. Act

Champac Chayote Sechium Edule

CHAMPAC (Michelia champaca L.) ++ Activities (Champac) : - Abortifacient (f; SKJ); Alexeteric (f; KAB); Antifertility (

Chaparral Creosoe Bush

CHAPARRAL, CREOSOTE BUSH (Larrea tridentata (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Coville) X Synonyms :, - L. mexicana Moric., Zygo

Chasteberry Vitex Agnus Castus

CHASTEBERRY (Vitex agnus-castus L.) ++ Activities (Chasteberry) : - Analgesic (1; BGB); Anaphrodisiac (f; BRU; MAB); An

Chaulmoogra Hydnocarpus Spp

CHAULMOOGRA (Hydnocarpus spp.) X The medicinally most important species in this taxonomically difficult genus are Hydnocar

Chebulic Myrobalan Haritali

CHEBULIC MYROBALAN, HARITALI (Terminalia chebula Retz.) + Unfortunately, PH2 gives the common name, tropical almond (more

Cheken Cherry Laurel

CHEKEN (Luma chequen (Molina) A. Gray.) ++ Synonyms : - Eugenia chequen Molina, Myrtus chequen. Activities (Che

Chickpea Gram Cicer Arietinum

CHICKPEA, GRAM (Cicer arietinum L.) +++ Activities (Chickpea) . - Anthelminthic (f; WO2); Antianemic (1; FNF); Antiathe

Chickweed Stellaria Media

CHICKWEED (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.) ++ Synonym : - Alsine media L. Activities (Chickweed) : - Antiinflamm

Chicory Cichorium Intybus

CHICORY (Cichorium intybus L.) +++ Synonyms : - C. intybus var. foliosum Hegi, C. intybus var. sativum (Bisch.) Janch.

China Rose Chinese Club Moss

CHINA ROSE (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) ++ Activities (China Rose) : - Analgesic (1; TRA); Antiestrogenic (1; AAB; TRA);

Chinaberry Melia Azedarach

CHINABERRY (Melia azedarach L.) + Synonyms : - M. azedarach var. japonica (G. Don) Makino, M. toosendan Siebold & Z

Chinese Cucumber Trichosanthes Kirilowii

CHINESE CUCUMBER (Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.) X Activities (Chinese Cucumber) : - Abortifacient (1; FAY); Antisepti

Chinese Motherwort Leonurus Japonicus

CHINESE MOTHERWORT (Leonurus japonicus Houtt.) + Synonyms : - L. artemisia (Lour.) S.Y. Hu, L. heterophyllus Sweet, L.

Chinese Olive Canarium Vulgare

CHINESE OLIVE (Canarium vulgare Leenh.) ++ Synonym : C. commune auct. The herbal PDR takes the easy way out and calls C

Chinese Peony Paeonia Lactiflora

CHINESE PEONY (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) + Synonyms : - P. edulis Salisb., P. fragrans Redoute. Activities (Chi

Chinese Quininefeve Flower

CHINESE QUININE, FEVER FLOWER (Dichroa febrifuga Lour.) + Activities (Chinese Quinine) : - Antiarrhythmic (1; DAA); Ant

Chinese Senega Root Chinese Pink

CHINESE SENEGA ROOT (Polygala tenuifolia Willd.) ++ Activities (Chinese Senega Root) : Anticonvulsant (1; KEB); Anxioly

Chirata Swertia Chirayita

CHIRATA (Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) H. Karst.) ++ Synonyms : - Gentiana chirata Wall., G. chirayita Roxb. ex

Chiricsanango Brunfelsia Grandiflora

CHIRICSANANGO (Brunfelsia grandiflora D. Don.) X I have aggregated the three most popular Amazon species, doubting that th

Chives Chlorella Chlorella Spp

CHIVES (Allium schoenoprasum L.) +++ Synonyms : - A. schoenoprasum var. alpinum DC., Allium sibiricum L. Activi

Chocolate Vine Chokecherry Bitter Berry

CHOCOLATE-VINE (Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne.) ++ Activities (Chocolate-Vine) : - Analgesic (f; DAA; PH2); Antiedemic

Christmas Rose Black Hellebore

CHRISTMAS ROSE, BLACK HELLEBORE (Helleborus niger L.) X Activities (Christmas Rose) : - Abortifacient (f; PHR; PH2); An

Chryanthemum Mum Chrysanthemum

CHRYSANTHEMUM, MUM (Chrysanthemum x morifolium Ramat.) ++ Synonyms : - Anthemis grandiflorum Ramat., A. stipulacea Moen

Cilantro Eryngium Foetidum

CILANTRO (Eryngium foetidum L.) + The name cilantro is also applied to leaves of coriandrum. Activities (Cilantro) : B

Cinchona Quinine Redbark

CINCHONA, QUININE, REDBARK (Cinchona pubescens Vahl) + Synonym : - C. succirubra Pav. ex Klotzsch. USDA prefers thi

Cinnamon Cinnamomum Verum

CINNAMON (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) +++ Synonyms : - C. zeylanicum Blume, Laurus cinnamomum L. I have aggregated c

Cinnamon Vine Chinese Yam Clary

CINNAMON-VINE, CHINESE YAM (Dioscorea batatas Decne.) ++ Synonym : - Dioscorea opposita auct. Activities (Cinna

Cleavers Galium Aparine

CLEAVERS (Galium aparine L.) ++ Activities (Cleavers) : - Alterative (f; DAA; EFS; PNC); Antibacterial (1; APA); Antidy

Clematis Cl?mbing Potato

CLEMATIS (Clematis recta L.) + EFS, properly methinks, treat C. recta and C. vitalba, as a unity. Activities (Clem

Cloves Syzygium Aromaticum

CLOVES (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry) +++ Synonyms : - Caryophyllus aromaticus L., Eugenia aromatic

Clubmoss Lycopodium Clavatum

CLUBMOSS (Lycopodium clavatum L.) ++ Activities (Clubmoss) : - Analgesic (f; DEM); Antispasmodic (f; EFS; HHB); Aphrodi

Clusterleaf Cocillana Guarea Rusbyi

CLUSTERLEAF (Terminalia sericea Burch ex DC.) + Activities (Clusterleaf): - Antibacterial (1; HDN); Antiemetic (f; ZIM)

Coca Erythroxylum Coca Lam

COCA (Erythroxylum coca Lam.) + Activities (Coca) : - Analgesic (f; CRC; HHB); Anesthetic (1; CRC; PHR; PH2); Antibacte

Cockscomb Celosia Argentea Cristata

COCKSCOMB (Celosia argentea L. var. cristata (L.) Kuntze) +++ Synonym : - C. cristata L. Foster and Yue treat flowe

Coconut Cocos Nucifera

COCONUT (Cocos nucifera L.) +++   Activities (Coconut) : - Anthelmintic (f; DAD; MPI); Antibacterial (f; DAD); Anti

Codonopsis Codonopsis Spp

CODONOPSIS (Codonopsis spp.) + Activities (Codonopsis) : - Adrenolytic (1; LAF); Antiaging (1; APA); Antihistaminic (f;

Coffee Coffea Arabica

COFFEE (Coffea arabica L.) ++ Activities (Coffee) : - Absorbent (2; PHR); Analeptic (1; PHR; PH2); Analgesic (1; CRC; P

Coffee Senna Senna Occidentalis

COFFEE SENNA (Senna occidentalis (L.) Link.) + Synonym Cassia occidentalis L. Activities (Coffee Senna) : - A

Cola Cola Spp

COLA (Cola spp.) ++ Activities (Cola) : - Analeptic (1; KOM; PHR; PH2); Anorectic (1; CRC; PHR); Antidepressant (f; CAN

Coleus Plectranthus Barbatus Andrews

COLEUS (Plectranthus barbatus Andrews) ++ Synonyms ; - Coleus barbatus (Andrews) Benth., Coleus forskohlii auct., P. fo

Coloctnth Bitter Apple Wild Gourd

COLOCYNTH, BITTER APPLE, WILD GOURD (Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.) X Synonyms : - Colocynthis vulgaris Schrad., C

Colombo Jateorhiza Palmata

COLOMBO (Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.) Miers) + Synonyms : - Cocculus palmatus DC, Jateorhiza calumba Miers., J. miersii Ol

Colorado Four O Clok Columbine

COLORADO FOUR OCLOCK (Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) A. Gray) + Synonyms ; - Oxybaphus multiflorus Torr., Quamoclidion mu

Coltsfoot Tussilago Farfara

COLTSFOOT (Tussilago farfara L.) + Activities (Coltsfoot) : - Antiaggregant (1; APA; CAN); Antibacterial (1; CAN; CRC;

Comfrey Symphytum Spp

COMFREY (Symphytum spp.) + Most contributors cited S. officinale but few studies are vouchered and the species are difficu

Common Buckthorn Rhamnus Cathartica

COMMON BUCKTHORN (Rhamnus cathartica L.) + Activities (Common Buckthorn) : - Antitumor (1; FNF; HOX; PNC); Collyrium (f

Common Daffodil Common Gromwell

COMMON DAFFODIL (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.) X Activities (Common Daffodil): - Antimitotic (1; HHB); Antispasmodic (f

Common Reed Contrahierba

COMMON REED (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) ++ Synonyms : - Arundo phragmites L., A. vulgaris Lam., P. co

Condor Plant Eagle Vine

CONDOR PLANT, EAGLE VINE (Marsdenia cundurango Rchb. f.) + Synonym : - Marsdenia reichenbachii Triana. Often spelled Co

Conessi Kurchi Holarrhena Pubescens

CONESSI, KURCHI (Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don) + Synonyms : - Chonemorpha antidysenterica (Roxb. ex Fleming) G.

Congorosa Maytenus Ilicifolia Marf

CONGOROSA (Maytenus ilicifolia Marf. ex Reissek) +   Activities (Congorosa) : - Antibacterial (1; HH2); Antisarcomi

Copaiba Coral Bean

COPAIBA (Copaifera langsdorfii Desf.) + Activities (Copaiba) : - Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antiseptic (1; JAD; PH2); Carm

Coral Root Cornflower Bachelors Button

CORAL ROOT (Corallorhiza odontorrhiza) + Activities (Coral Root) : - Antipyretic (f; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; PH2); Sedati

Coriander Coriandrum Sativum

CORIANDER (Coriandrum sativum L.) ++ (Leaves sometimes called cilantro.) Activities (Coriander) : - Alexeteric (f;

Corn Poppy Corn Poppy

CORN POPPY (Papaver rhoeas L.) + Activities (Corn Poppy) : - Analgesic (f; PH2; PNC); Antibacterial (f; PH2); Antiinfla

Corn Silk Zea Mays

CORN SILK (Zea mays L.) +++ Activities (Corn Silk) : - Antiedemic (f; FAD); Cardiotonic (f; PHR; PH2); Cell Proliferant

Corydalis Corydalis Ambigua Cham

CORYDALIS (Corydalis ambigua Cham. & Schltdl. and/or C. yanhusuo) (Y. H. Chou & Chun. C. Hsu) W. T. Wang) + HH

Costus Kuth Saussurea Costus

COSTUS, KUTH (Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch) ++ Synonyms : - Aplotaxis lappa Decne., Aucklandia costus Falc., Saussur

Cottontree Cochlospermum Religiosum

COTTONTREE (Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston.) ++ Synonyms : - Bombax gossypium L., C. gossypium (L.) DC., Maximili

Couchgrass Qquackgrass Elytrigia Repens

COUCHGRASS, QUACKGRASS (Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski) ++ Synonyms : - Agropyron firmum J. Presl, A. repens (L.

Cow Parsnip Heracleum Sphondylium

COW PARSNIP (Heracleum sphondylium L.) + Activities (Cow Parsnip) : - Allergenic (1; FNF; PH2); Anthelmintic (f; HHB);

Cowitch Cowhage Velvetbean

COWITCH, COWHAGE, VELVETBEAN (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.) ++ Activities (Cowitch) : - Alexeteric (f; DEP); Analgesic (f;

Cowslip Primula Veris

COWSLIP (Primula veris L.) ++ Synonym : - P. officinalis (L.) Hill. Activities (Cowslip) : - Allergenic (1;

Crampbark Viburnum Opulus

CRAMPBARK (Viburnum opulus L.) ++ PH2 was nice with this one, treating the American Viburnum prunifolium and ignoring the

Cranberry Vaccinium Macrocarpum Aiton

CRANBERRY (Vaccinium macrocarpum Aiton) +++ Synonym : - Oxycoccus macrocarpos (Aiton) Pers. Activities (Cranber

Cranesbill Geranium Maculatum

CRANESBILL (Geranium maculatum L.) ++ Activities (Cranesbill) : - Antiseptic (1; CEB; CRC); Astringent (1; CRC; PH2); C

Creat Andrographis Paniculata

CREAT (Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees.) + Synonym : - Justicia paniculata Burm. f. Activities

Cubeb Piper Cubeba

CUBEB (Piper cubeba L. f.) ++ Activities (Cubeb) : - Antibacterial (1; MPI); Antiseptic (1; MPI; PH2); Antiviral (1; PN

Cuckoopint Arum Cudweed

CUCKOOPINT, ARUM (Arum maculatum L.) X Activities (Cuckoopint) : - Diaphoretic (f; EFS; PH2); Expectorant (f; EFS; PH2)

Culebra Cyclamen Cyclamen Europaeum

CULEBRA (Brugmansia aurea Lagerh.) X Synonym : - Methysticodendron amesianum R. E. Schultes. Activities (Culebr

Cumin Cuminum Cyminum

CUMIN (Cuminum cyminum L.) +++ Synonym : - C. odorum Salisb. Activities (Cumin) : - Abortifacient (f; BIB; P

Cupmoss Cup Plant

CUPMOSS (Cladonia pyxidata (L.) E. Fries.) ++ Activities (Cupmoss) : - Antitussive (f; PH2); Expectorant (f; EFS; PH2).

Curryleaf Murraya Koenigii

CURRYLEAF (Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.) + Synonyms : - Bergera koenigii L., Chalcas koenigii (L.) Kurz. Activ

Cypress Mediterranean Cypress Spurge

CYPRESS (MEDITERRANEAN) (Cupressus sempervirens L.) ++ Synonym : - C. sempervirens var. stricta Aiton. Activiti

Daffodil Narcissus Tazetta

DAFFODIL (Narcissus tazetta L.) X Synonym : - Narcissus canaliculatus Guss. Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Pr

Damiana Turnera Diffusa Willd

DAMIANA (Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult.) ++ Synonym : - Turnera microphylla Desv. ex Ham. Activities (Damian

Dandelion Taraxacum Officinale

DANDELION (Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wigger f.) +++ Synonyms : - Leontodon taraxacum L., Taraxacum dens-leoni

Darnel Lolium Temulentum

DARNEL (Lolium temulentum L.) X Activities (Darnel) : - Analgesic (f; CRC); Depurative (f; CRC; MAD); Narcotic (1; CRC)

Date Palm Phoenix Dactylifera

DATE PALM (Phoenix dactylifera L.) +++ Activities (Date) : - Antipyretic (f; BIB); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB; DEP); Candidici

Daylily Hemerocallis Fulva

DAYLILY (Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.) + Synonyms : Cemerocallis fulva var. kwanso Regel, H. fulva var. rosea Stout, H. l

Death Angel Justicia Pectoralis

DEATH ANGEL (Justicia pectoralis Jacq.) + Activities (Death Angel) : - Abortifacient (1; FNF); Antiaggregant (1; FNF);

Deer Tongue Deodar Cedar

DEER TONGUE (Trilisa odoratissima (Walter ex J. F. Gmel.) Cass.) + Synonym : Carphephorus odoratissimus (J. F. Gmel.) H

Devil Pepper Divining Sage

DEVIL-PEPPER (Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.) + Synonyms : - R. canescens L., R. heterophylla Roem. & Schult., R. hirsuta

Devils Claw Harpagophytum Procumbens

DEVILS CLAW (Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC ex. Meisn.) ++ Synonym : Uncaria procumbens Burch. Activities

Digitalis Digitalis Purpurea

DIGITALIS (Digitalis purpurea L.) X Activities (Digitalis) : - Antidote (f; CRC); Antitumor (1; CRC); Cardiotonic (f; C

Dill Anethum Graveolens

DILL (Anethum graveolens L.) ++ Synonyms : A. sowa Roxb. ex Fleming, Peucedanum graveolens (L.) Benth. & Hook f. B

Divi Divi Caesalpinia Bonduc

DIVI-DIVI (Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.) ++ Synonyms : Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Fleming, C. crista auct. Amer., Gui

Dodder Clover Dodo Kankan

DODDER, CLOVER DODDER (Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L.) +  Synonym : C. europaea var. epithymum L. Activities (Do

Dogbane Indian Hemp

DOGBANE, INDIAN HEMP (Apocynum cannabinum L.) X Synonym : A. suksdorfii Greene. Activities (Dogbane) : Abort

Dogwood Cornus Florida

DOGWOOD (Cornus florida L.) ++ Activities (Dogwood) : - Analgesic (f; DEM); Antidote (f; DEM); Antiplasmodial (1; PHR);

Dokudami Chamaleon Plant

DOKUDAMI, CHAMALEON PLANT (Houttuynia cordata Thunb.) ++ Activities (Dokudami) : - Antibacterial (1; DAA); Anticapillar

Dong Quai Angelica Sinensis

DONG QUAI (Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels) + Synonym : - Angelica polymorpha var. sinensis Oliv. Activities (D

Douglas Fir Dragons Blood

DOUGLAS FIR (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.) + Activities (Douglas Fir) : - Antidote, cicuta (f; DEM); Antisepti

Dragons Blood Palm Duckweed

DRAGONS BLOOD PALM (Daemonorops draco (Willd.) Blume) + Synonym : Calamus draco Willd. Activities (Dragons Bloo

Drosera Round Leaved Sundew

DROSERA, ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW (Drosera rotundifolia L.) ++   One cannot tell whether the PDR entry for D. ramentacea re

Du Zhong Gutta Percha Tree

DU ZHONG, GUTTA-PERCHA TREE (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) ++ Activities (Du Zhong) : Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor (1; X90280

Dumbcane Dieffenbachia Seguine

DUMBCANE (Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott) X Synonyms : - Arum seguine Jacq., Caladium maculatum G. Lodd., Dieffen

Dusty Miller Dutchmans Breeches

DUSTY-MILLER (Senecio cineraria DC.) X Synonym : Senecio bicolor (Willd.) Tod. Activities (Dusty-Miller) : C

Dwarf Brich Dwarf Elder

DWARF BIRCH (Betula pumila L.) ++ Synonyms : B. hallii Howell, B. pumila var. fastigiata hort. ex Rehder. Indic

Dwarf Mallow Dyers Broom

DWARF MALLOW (Malva pusilla Sm.) +++ Synonyms : M. borealis Wallman, M. rotundifolia L. Activities (Dwarf Mallo

Dyers Woad Dysentery Bark

DYERS WOAD (Isatis tinctoria L.) + Activities (Dyers Woad) : Antiaggregant (1; X3416386); Antidermatophytic (1; X736749

Eastern Larch Eastern Mistletoe

EASTERN LARCH (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) ++ Synonym : Pinus laricina Du Roi. Activities (Eastern Larch)

Echinacea Purple Coneflower Echinacea

ECHINACEA, PURPLE CONEFLOWER (Echinacea spp.) +++   True Confessions: I have taken the heretical view here of believin

Eclipta Eclipta Prostrata

ECLIPTA (Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.) ++ Synonyms : Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk., E. punctata L., Verbesina alba L., Verbesin

Eggplant Solanum Melongena

EGGPLANT (Solanum melongena L.) ++ Activities (Eggplant) : Antianaphylactic (1; X11352546); Antiatherosclerotic (1; X41

El Nene Endive Cichorium Endivia

EL NENE (Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd) + Synonyms : Coleus blumei Benth., C. blumei var. verschaffeltii (Lem.

Elderberry Sambucus Canadensis

ELDERBERRY (Sambucus canadensis L.) +++   Activities (Elderberry) : - Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (f; CRC); Anti

Elecampane Inula Helenium

ELECAMPANE (Inula helenium L.) ++   Activities (Elecampane) : - Alterative (PNC); Anthelminthic (1; PED; PH2); Anti

Elm Bark European Field Elm

ELM BARK, EUROPEAN FIELD ELM (Ulmus minor Mill.) +++ Synonyms : U. campestris L., U. carpinifolia Gled., U. carpin

Emblic Myrobalan Phyllanthus Emblica

EMBLIC MYROBALAN (Phyllanthus emblica L.) ++ Synonyms Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Mirobalanus embilica Burm. Ac

English Adders Tongue Daisy

ENGLISH ADDERS TONGUE (Ophioglossum vulgatum L.) ++ Activities (English Adders Tongue) : - Antiseptic (f; DAA; EFS; PH2

English Holly Ilex Aquifolium

ENGLISH HOLLY (Ilex aquifolium L.) + Synonyms : - I. aquifolium f. bacciflava (Weston) Rehder, I. aquifolium f. ferox (

English Walnut Juglans Regia

ENGLISH WALNUT (Juglans regia L.) + Synonyms : - J. duclouxiana Dode, J. fallax Dode, J. kamaonica (C. DC.) Dode, J. or

Ephedra Ma Huang Ephedra

EPHEDRA, MA HUANG (Ephedra spp.) XXX   Usually referred to as Ephedra sinica Stapf. Activities (Ephedra) :

Ergot Eryngo Eryngium Campestre

ERGOT (Claviceps purpurea) X Activities (Ergot) : Ecbolic (1; EFS); Emmenagogue (1; EFS); Hemostat (1; EFS); Toxic (1;E

Ethiopian Pepper Xylopia Aethiopica

ETHIOPIAN PEPPER (Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich.) ++ Activities (Ethiopian Pepper) : - Abortifacient (f; UPW); Ant

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus Globulus Labill

EUCALYPTUS (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) ++ Activities (Eucalyptus) : - Analgesic (1; TRA); Anesthetic (1; CRC); Anthel

Euphorbia Chamaesyce Hirta

EUPHORBIA (Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.) + Synonyms : - Euphorbia hirta L., E. pilulifera L. Activities (Eupho

European Ash Fraxinus Excelsior

EUROPEAN ASH (Fraxinus excelsior L.) ++ Activities (European Ash) : Analgesic (1; PH2); Antibacterial (1; PNC); Antiinf

European Corn Mint

EUROPEAN CORN MINT (Mentha arvensis L.) +++ Synonyms : M. austriaca Jacq., M. gentilis L. I have a great respect fo

European Elder Sambucus Nigra

EUROPEAN ELDER (Sambucus nigra L.) +++ Synonyms : - S. nigra f. alba (Weston) Rehder, f. aurea (Sweet) Schwer., f. lanc

European Five Finger CinQuefoil

EUROPEAN FIVE-FINGER, CINQUEFOIL (Potentilla reptans L.) ++ Activities (European Five-Finger) : - Antipyretic (f; WOI);

European Larch Vater Hemlock

EUROPEAN LARCH (Larix decidua Mill.)++ Synonyms : Larix europaea DC., Pinus larix L. Activities (European Larch

European Pennyroyal Mentha Pulegium

EUROPEAN PENNYROYAL (Mentha pulegium L.) X Synonym : Pulegium vulgare Mill. Activities (European Pennyroyal) :

European Peony Paeonia Officinalis

EUROPEAN PEONY (Paeonia officinalis L.) + Activities (European Peony) : - Abortifacient (f; PHR; PH2); Alterative (f; C

European Yew Taxus Baccata

EUROPEAN YEW (Taxus baccata L.) X Synonyms : - T. baccata var. aurea Carrière, var. fastigiata (Lindl.) Loudon, var. fa

Evening Primrose Oenothera Biennis

EVENING PRIMROSE (Oenothera biennis L.) +++ Synonyms : - O. acutifolia Rostanski, O. biennis var. sulfurea Kleb., O. ch

Evodia Tetradium Ruticarpum

EVODIA (Tetradium ruticarpum (A. Juss.) T. G. Hartley) ++ Synonyms : Boymia ruticarpa A. Juss., Euodia bodinieri Dode,

Eyebright Euphrasia Spp

EYEBRIGHT (Euphrasia spp.) + Taxonomy very murky. PH2 entries purportedly refer to E. officinalis, a synonym of E. rostkov

Faba Bean Vicia Faba

FABA BEAN (Vicia faba L.) ++ Activities (Faba Bean) : - Antialcoholic (2; HAD); Antiangiogenic (1; FNF); Antiparkinsoni

Fair Flax False Schisandra

FAIRY FLAX, MOUNTAIN FLAX (Linum catharticum L.) + Activities (Fairy Flax) : Bitter (f; PH2); Emetic (f; PH2); Diuretic

False Unicorn Root Devils Bit

FALSE UNICORN ROOT, DEVILS BIT (Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray) + Synonyms : - Helonias dioica; and in the PH2, Verat

Fang Ji Fever Bark

FANG JI, HAN FANG JI (Stephania tetrandra S. Moore) + Activities (Fang Ji) : Analgesic (1; DAA); Antiaggregant (1; KEB)

Fennel Foeniculum Vulgare Mill

FENNEL (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) ++ Activities (Fennel) : - Abortifacient (1; CRC); Alexeteric (f; KAB); Analgesic (1;

Fenugreek Trigonella Foenum Graecum

FENUGREEK (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) +++ Activities (Fenugreek) : - Analgesic (f; MAD); Anesthetic (1; TAD); Antiat

Feverfew Tanacetum Parthenium

FEVERFEW (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip.) ++ Synonyms : - Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh., C. praealtum Vent.

Field Scabious Knautia Arvensis

FIELD SCABIOUS (Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult.) ++ Synonyms: - Scabiosa arvensis L., Trichera arvensis Schrader.

Fig Ficus Carica

FIG (Ficus carica L.) ++   Activities (Fig) : - Alexeteric (f; BIB); Allergenic (1; HH3); Anticancer (1; X11473446)

Figword Scrophularia Nodosa

FIGWORT (Scrophularia nodosa L.) + Activities (Figwort) : Alterative (f; FEL); Analgesic (f; EFS; FEL); Antiinflammator

Fireweed Epilobium Angustifolium

FIREWEED (Epilobium angustifolium L.) ++   Synonyms : - Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop., Chamerion angustifol

Fish Berry Foam Flower

FISH BERRY, LEVANT NUT (Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn.) + Synonyms : - Anamirta paniculata Colebr., Menispermu

Five Leaved Chaste Tree

FIVE-LEAVED CHASTE TREE, HUANG JING (Vitex negundo L.) ++ Activities (Five-Leaved Chaste Tree) : - Alterative (f; EFS);

Flannelweed Country Mallow

FLANNELWEED, COUNTRY MALLOW (Sida cordifolia L.) ++ Activities (Flannelweed) : - Abortifacient (f; HDN); Alterative (f;

Flax Linum Usitatissimum

FLAX (Linum usitatissimum L.) +++ Synonyms : - Linum crepitans (Boenn.) Dumort., L. humile Mill., L. usitatissimum subs

Fo Ti Polygonum Multiflorum Thunb

FO-TI (Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.) +++ Activities (Fo-Ti) : - Antiaging (2; AKT; APA; FAY; KEB; LAF); Antiatheroscler

Fools Parsley Forget Me Not

FOOLS PARSLEY (Aethusa cynapium L.) X Activities (Fools Parsley) : Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Hallucinogen (f; CRC); Poiso

Forsythia Golden Bells

FORSYTHIA, GOLDEN BELLS (Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl) ++ Synonym : - Syringa suspensa Thunb. Activities (F

Four O Clock Mirabilis Jalapa

FOUR OCLOCK (Mirabilis jalapa L.) + Activities (Four OClock) : Alterative (f; DAW); Antiabortive (f; JFM); Antiseptic (

Fragrant Sumac Rhus Aromatica

FRAGRANT SUMAC (Rhus aromatica Aiton)+ + Synonym : Rhus canadensis Marshall. Activities (Fragrant Sumac) : A

Frangula Alder Buckthorn

FRANGULA, ALDER BUCKTHORN, GLOSSY BUCKTHORN (Frangula alnus Mill.) + Synonyms : - Rhamnus frangula L., Rhamnus frangula

Frankincense Olibanum Frasers Fir

FRANKINCENSE, OLIBANUM (Boswellia sacra Flueck.) ++ Synonym : Boswellia carteri Birdw. (HHB and WO2 data refer to B

Fringetree Frost Mint

FRINGETREE (Chionanthus virginicus L.) + Activities (Fringetree) : Alterative (f; CRC; EFS; FAD); Aperient (f; CRC; EFS

Frostwort Fucus Bladderwrack

FROSTWORT (Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx.) + Activities (Frostwort) : Alterative (f; EFS); Astringent (f; EFS; HHB;

Fumitory Fumaria Officinalis

FUMITORY (Fumaria officinalis L.) + Activities (Fumitory) : - Amphicholeretic (1; BRU; HHB; PHR; PH2); Anesthetic (1; H

Galanga Kaempferia Galanga

GALANGA (Kaempferia galanga L.) ++ See also lesser and greater galangal (Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw.); very confusing. B

Galbanum Ferula Gummosa Boiss

GALBANUM (Ferula gummosa Boiss.) + Synonym : - Ferula galbaniflua Boiss. & Buhse. Activities (Galbanum) : B

Gambir Pale Catechu Gamboge

GAMBIR, PALE CATECHU (Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.) + Synonyms : Nauclea gambir W. Hunter, Ourouparia gambir (W. Hu

Garden Cress Lepidium Sativum

GARDEN CRESS (Lepidium sativum L.) ++ Activities (Garden Cress) :  - Abortifacient (f; DEP; PH2); Antibacterial (1

Gardenia Cape Jasmine

GARDENIA, CAPE JASMINE (Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis) ++ Synonyms : G. augusta Merr., G. florida L., G. radicans Thunb

Garlic Allium Sativum

GARLIC (Allium sativum L.) +++ For much more information, see Koch & Lawsons excellent Garlic Book (LAW). Activiti

Garlic Veed Gbanja Kola

GARLIC WEED (Petiveria alliacea L.) + Activities ( Garlic Weed) : Abortifacient (1; 60P; TRA; WOI; X1841991); Analgesic

Gentian Gentiana Lutea

GENTIAN (Gentiana lutea L.) ++ Activities (Gentian) : - Analgesic (1; HHB); Antiemetic (1, BGB); Antiinflammatory (1; A

German Ipecac German Sarsaparilla

GERMAN IPECAC, WHITE SWALLOWWORT (Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik.) + Synonyms : Asclepias vincetoxicum L., Cynanchum v

Giant Milkweed Calotropis Gigantea

GIANT MILKWEED (Calotropis gigantea (L.) W. T. Aiton) X Synonyms : - Asclepias gigantea L. C. procera, with very simila

Ginger Bush Tetradenia Riparia

GINGER BUSH (Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd.) + Synonym : Iboza riparia (Hochst.) N. E. Br., Moschosma riparia Hochs

Ginger Zingiber Officinale Roscoe

GINGER (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) +++ Synonym : Amomum zingiber L. Activities (Ginger) : Analgesic (1; FAY

Ginkgo Maidenhair Tree

GINKGO, MAIDENHAIR TREE (Ginkgo biloba L.) + (Downgraded for safety) Activities (Ginkgo) : - Antiaggregant (2; BGB; KOM

Ginseng Oriental Ginseng

GINSENG, ORIENTAL GINSENG (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) +++   Synonym : - Panax schinseng T. Nees. Regrettably,

Glory Lily Gloriosa Superba

GLORY-LILY (Gloriosa superba L.) X Synonym : Clinostylis speciosa Hochst., Gloriosa abyssinica A. Rich., G. homblei De

Glossy Frivet Ligustrum Lucidum

GLOSSY PRIVET (Ligustrum lucidum W. T. Aiton) ++ Activities (Glossy Privet) : - Analgesic (f; DAA; FAY); Antiallergic (

Goats Rue Golden Chain Tree

GOATS RUE (Galega officinalis L.) + Activities (Goats Rue) : Alterative (f; KOM); Antiaggregant (f; PH2); Antidiabetic

Golden Dewdrop Golden Eye Grass

GOLDEN DEWDROP (Duranta erecta L.) + Synonym : D. plumieri Jacq., D. repens L. Activities (Golden Dewdrop) : BR

Golden Shower Goutweed

GOLDEN SHOWER, PURGING CASSIA (Cassia fistula L.) + Activities (Golden Shower) : Abortifacient (f; JFM); Alexeteric (f;

Goldenrod Solidago Virgaurea

GOLDENROD (Solidago virgaurea L.) ++ With good reason, many authors have taken a generic approach to Solidago. EFS aggrega

Goldenseal Hydrastis Canadensis

GOLDENSEAL (Hydrastis canadensis L.) + Activities (Goldenseal) : - Alterative (1; CRC; PNC); Amebicide (1; FNF; PH2); A

Goldthread Coptis Spp

GOLDTHREAD (Coptis spp.) + Coptis chinensis Franch., Coptis deltoides C.Y. Cheng & Hsiao, Coptis japonica (Thunb.) Mak

Gotu Kola Centella Asiatica

GOTU KOLA (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.) ++ Synonym : - Hydrocotyle asiatica L., H. erecta L. f. Some WBB entries ma

Grains Of Paradise Granadilla

GRAINS-OF-PARADISE (Aframomum melegueta K. Schum.) ++ Synonym : Amomum melegueta Roscoe. Activities (Grains-of-

Grape Vitis Vinifera

GRAPE (Vitis vinifera L.) +++ See also grapeseed where entries refer strictly to the seed; here I include all the folklore

Grapefruit Grape Seed

GRAPEFRUIT (Citrus x paradisi Macfad.) ++ Activities (Grapefruit) : Antioxidant (1; JNU); Antinitrosaminic (1; JNU); An

Gravel Root Gray Walleflower

GRAVEL ROOT (Eupatorium purpureum L.) + Synonym : Eupatoriadelphus purpureus (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob. Acti

Greater Galangal Alpinia Galanga

GREATER GALANGAL (Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw.) ++ Synonyms : Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz., Maranta galanga L. Historically

Greater Periwinkle Vinca Major

GREATER PERIWINKLE (Vinca major L.) + Most authors suggest that the greater and lesser periwinkle are generically intercha

Greek Oregano Green Alder

GREEK OREGANO (Salvia fruticosa Mill.) +++ Synonym : Salvia triloba L. f. I suspect that this could be used interch

Green Hellebore Ground Pine

GREEN HELLEBORE (Helleborus viridis L.) X Activities (Green Hellebore) : Bradycardic (1; HHB); Cardiac (f; EFS); Diuret

Green Or Black Tea

GREEN or BLACK TEA (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) ++ Activities (Green or Black Tea) : - ACE Inhibitor (1; WO2); Amebi

Ground Ivy Glechoma Hederacea

GROUND IVY (Glechoma hederacea L.) ++ Activities (Ground Ivy) : - Alexeteric (f; CRC); Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (

Groundsel Senecio Vulgaris

GROUNDSEL (Senecio vulgaris L.) X Madaus, rightly or wrongly, says that S. jacobaea and S. vulgaris have the same effects.

Guaiacum Guaiacum Officinale

GUAIACUM (Guaiacum officinale L.) + Activities (Guaiacum) : - Abortifacient (f; JFM); Antiinflammatory (f; CAN; PNC); A

Guar Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba

GUAR (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) ++ Synonyms : - Cyamopsis psoraloides (Lam.) DC., Dolichos psoraloides Lam.,

Guar Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba

GUAR (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) ++ Synonyms : - Cyamopsis psoraloides (Lam.) DC., Dolichos psoraloides Lam.,

Guarana Paullinia Cupana Kunth

GUARANA (Paullinia cupana Kunth) ++   Activities (Guarana): - Analgesic (f; DAV); Anorectic (1; APA); Antiaggregant

Guava Psidium Guajava

GUAVA (Psidium guajava L.) ++ Synonyms : P. cujavillus Burm. f., P. pomiferum L., P. pumilum Vahl, P. pyriferum L.

Gugul Commiphora Wightii

GUGUL (Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari) ++ Synonyms : - Balsamodendrum mukul Hook. ex Stocks, B. wightii Arn., C. mu

Gulancha Heart Leaved Moonseed

GULANCHA, HEART-LEAVED MOONSEED (Tinospora cordifolia L.) + Activities (Gulancha) : Adaptogen (1; PR13:275); Alterative

Gum Arabic Acacia Senegal

GUM ARABIC (Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.) +++ Synonyms : A. verek Guill. & Perr., Mimosa senegal L., Senegalia senega

Gumweed Grindelia Squarrosa

GUMWEED (Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal) + The Herbal PDR says that Commission E approved gumweed (Grindelia camporum)

Gymnema Gymnema Sylvestre

GYMNEMA (Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schult.) + Activities (Gymnema) : - Alexeteric (f; KAB); Alterative (f; KAB); Anorec

Hairy Strophanthus Strophanthus Hispidus

HAIRY STROPHANTHUS (Strophanthus hispidus DC.) X Since the PH2 data are based on cardenolides, I have cited them also for

Haronga Harungana Madagascariensis Lam

HARONGA (Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir.) + Synonym: Haronga madagascariensis Choisy. Activities (Har

Hartstongue Heart Of Jesus

HARTSTONGUE (Asplenium scolopendrium L. var. scolopendrium) ++ Synonyms: Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm, Scolopendr

Hawthorn Crataegus Spp

HAWTHORN (Crataegus spp.) +++ Synonyms: - C. laevigata (Poir.) DC; C. oxyacantha L., C. monogyna Jacq. C. oxyacantha L

Heather Calluna Vulgaris

HEATHER (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull.) + Activities (Heather) : Antiinflammatory (1; EFS); Antilithic (f; KOM); Antisept

Heavenly Bamboo Hedge Bindweed

HEAVENLY BAMBOO (Nandina domestica Thunb.) + Activities (Heavenly Bamboo) : Antiaging (f; DAA); Antibacterial (1; FAY);

Hedge Hyssop Gratiola Officinalis

HEDGE HYSSOP (Gratiola officinalis L.) X Activities (Hedge Hyssop) : - Cardiotonic (1; PH2); Cytotoxic (1; PNC); Digita

Hedge Mustard Hemp Agrimony

HEDGE MUSTARD (Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.) ++ Synonym: Erysimum officinale L. Activities (Hedge Mustard)

Heliotrope Hemlock Tsuga Canadensis

HELIOTROPE (Heliotropium europaeum L.) + Activities (Heliotrope) : Antipyretic (f; CRC; EFS); Carcinogenic (1; CRC; FNF

Hemp Nettle Herb Paris

HEMP NETTLE (Galeopsis sp.) + Activities (Hemp Nettle) : Antiulcer (f; MAD); Astringent (1; BIS; HHB; PHR); Diuretic (f

Henbane Hyoscyamus Niger

HENBANE (Hyoscyamus niger L.) X Activities (Henbane) : Analgesic (1; CRC; DEP; PNC); Anesthetic (1; CRC); Antiacetylcho

Henna Lawsonia Inermis

HENNA (Lawsonia inermis L.) ++ Synonym: Lawsonia alba Lam. Activities (Henna) : Abortifacient (f; AHP; CRC;

Herb Robert Hercules Clup

HERB ROBERT (Geranium robertianum L.) ++ Activities (Herb Robert) : Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antiviral (1; PH2); Astring

Hierba Santa Piper Auritum

HIERBA SANTA (Piper auritum Kunth.) + Activities (Hierba Santa) : - Alpha-2-Adrenergic Agonist (1; TRA); Anesthetic (f;

Himalayan Fir Abies Spectabilis

HIMALAYAN FIR (Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Spach) ++ Synonyms: - Abies webbiana Lindl., Pinus spectabilis D. Don, P. we

Holly American Holly Hollyhock

HOLLY, AMERICAN HOLLY (Ilex opaca Sol. ex Aiton) ++ Activities (Holly) : Antipyretic (f; MAD); Collyrium (f; DEM); Diap

Holly Basil Ocimum Tenuiflorum

HOLY BASIL (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) ++ Synonym: O. sanctum L. Formerly better known as Ocimum sanctum. SKJ suggests

Homalomena Honey Herb

HOMALOMENA (Homalomena spp.) + Activities (Homalomena) : Antiseptic (f; CRC); Expectorant (f; CRC); Hallucinogen (f; CR

Honey Locust Honeysuckle

HONEY LOCUST (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) ++ Activities (Honey Locust) : Analgesic (f; CRC); Antidote (f; DEM); Antitussi

Hops Humulus Lupulus

HOPS (Humulus lupulus L.) +++ Activities (Hops) : - Allergenic (f; CRC); Analgesic (1; BGB; CRC; MAD; PNC; WAM); Anaphr

Horny Goat Weed Barrenwort

HORNY GOAT WEED, BARRENWORT, YINYANGHUO (Epimedium spp.) ++ Most often cited as yinyanghuo (Pinyin) is Epimedium grandif

Horse Chestnut Aesculus Hippocastanum

HORSE CHESTNUT (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) ++   Synonym: - A. hippocastanum f. memmingeri (K. Koch) Schelle.

Horsemint Monarda Punctata

HORSEMINT (Monarda punctata L.) ++ Activities (Horsemint) : - Analgesic (f; DEM); Antiemetic (f; CEB; FEL); Antiseptic

Horseradish Armoracia Rusticana

HORSERADISH (Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al.) ++ Synonyms: - A. lapathifolia Gilib. ex Usteri, Cochlearia armora

Horsetail Equisetum Arvense

HORSETAIL (Equisetum arvense L.) + Activities (Horsetail) : - Antibacterial (1; APA; PED); Antiedemic (1; APA); Antiinf

Horseweed Fleabane Canadian Fleabane

HORSEWEED, FLEABANE, CANADIAN FLEABANE (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist) + Synonym: - Erigeron canadensis L.

Hottentot Fig Hounds Tongue

HOTTENTOT FIG (Carpobrotus edulis (L.) L. Bolus) +++ Synonym: - Mesembryanthemum edule L. Activities (Hottento

Houseleek Sempervivum Tectorum

HOUSELEEK (Sempervivum tectorum L.) + Activities (Houseleek) : Alterative (f; EFS); Antioxidant (1; PH2); Antipyretic (

Hu Zhang Mexican Bamboo

HU-ZHANG, MEXICAN BAMBOO (Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr.) +++ Synonym: - Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zu

Huang Qi Astragalus Membranaceus

HUANG QI (Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch. ex Link) Bunge) ++ Synonym: - Phaca membranacea Fisch. ex Link. Regretta

Hwema Corynanthe Pachycera

HWEMA (Corynanthe pachycera K. Schumann) + Activities (Hwema) : - Analgesic (1; PH2); Anesthetic (1; PH2); Antiacetylch

Hydrangea Hydrangea Arborescens

HYDRANGEA (Hydrangea arborescens L.) ++ Synonyms: - Viburnum alnifolium Marshall, V. americanum Mill. Activiti

Hyssop Hyssopus Officinalis

HYSSOP (Hyssopus officinalis L.) ++ Activities (Hyssop) : - Abortifacient (f; EFS); Antibacterial (1; FNF; WAM); Antica

Iboga Tabernanthe Iboga Baill

IBOGA (Tabernanthe iboga Baill.) X Activities (Iboga) : Anesthetic (f; HDN); Antiaddictive (1; X10891627); Anticholines

Iceland Moss Cetraria Islandica

ICELAND MOSS (Cetraria islandica Achar.) ++ Activities (Iceland Moss) : - Antibacterial (1; APA; BIS); Anticancer (1; P

Ignatius Bean Strychnos Ignatii

IGNATIUS BEAN (Strychnos ignatii P. J. Bergius) X Synonym: - S. tieute Lesch. Activities (Ignatius Bean) :

Indian Acalypha Acalypha Indica

INDIAN ACALYPHA (Acalypha indica L.) ++ Activities (Indian Acalypha) : - Analgesic (f; MPI; WO2); Antibacterial (1; PH2

Indian Almond Terminalia Catappa

INDIAN ALMOND (Terminalia catappa L.) ++ Synonym: - Phytolacca javanica Osbeck. Activities (Indian Almond) : B

Indian Barberry Tree Turmeric

INDIAN BARBERRY, TREE TURMERIC (Berberis aristata DC.) + Activities (Indian Barberry) : - Alpha-Adreno Inhibitor (1; WO

Indian Cassia Indian Elecampane

INDIAN CASSIA (Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) Nees & Eberm.) ++ Synonym: - Laurus tamala Buch.-Ham. Activi

Indian Heliotrope Heliotropium Indicum

INDIAN HELIOTROPE (Heliotropium indicum L.) + Activities (Indian Heliotrope) : - Abortifacient (f; DAV); Analgesic (f;

Indian Ipecac Tylophora Indica

INDIAN IPECAC (Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr.) X Synonym: - Asclepias asthmatica L. f., Cynanchum indicum Burm. f.,

Indian Nightshade Solanum Lasiocarpum

INDIAN NIGHTSHADE (Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal) + Synonyms: _ S. ferox auct., S. indicum L. Activities (Indian N

Indian Or Himalayan Rhubarb

INDIAN or HIMALAYAN RHUBARB (Rheum australe D. Don) + Synonym: - Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meisn. Activities (India

Indian Physic American Ipecac

INDIAN PHYSIC, AMERICAN IPECAC (Gillenia stipulatus (Muhl. ex Willd.) Baill.) + Synonyms: - Porteranthus stipulatus (M

Indian Sarsaparilla Indian Strawbery

INDIAN SARSAPARILLA (Hemidesmus indicus (L.) W. T. Aiton) + Synonym: - Periploca indica L. Activities (Indian

Indian Valerian Valeriana Jatamansi

INDIAN VALERIAN (Valeriana jatamansi Jones) ++ Synonyms: - Nardostachys jatamansi (Jones) DC., Patrina jatamansi (Jone

Indigo Indigofera Tinctoria

INDIGO (Indigofera tinctoria L.) ++ Synonym: I. sumatrana Gaertn. Activities (Indigo) : Allergenic (1; CRC)

Intoxicating Mint Ipecac

INTOXICATING MINT (Lagochilus inebrians Bunge.) + Activities (Intoxicating Mint) : - Antispasmodic (f; CRC); Hallucinog

Irish Moss Chondrus Crispus

IRISH MOSS (Chondrus crispus Stackhouse) +++ Activities (Irish Moss) : - Antiaggregant (1; HHB); Antiinflammatory (1; A

Ivy Gourt Coccinia Grandis

IVY GOURD (Coccinia grandis (L.) J. Voigt) ++ Synonyms: - Cephalandra indica Naud., Coccinia codifolia auct., Coccinia

Ivy Hedera Helix

IVY (Hedera helix L.) + Activities (Ivy) : - Allergenic (1; APA; CRC; PH2); Amebicide (1; BGB; PNC); Analgesic (1; APA;

Jaborandi Pilocarpus Spp

JABORANDI (Pilocarpus spp) + PHR covered Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf ex Wardleworth. Activities (Jaborandi) : - A

Jack In The Bush Jack In The Pulpit

JACK IN THE BUSH (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob.) + Synonym: - Eupatorium odoratum L. Activ

Jack Pine Jalap

JACK PINE (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) ++ Activities (Jack Pine) : - Decongestant (f; CEB). Indications (Jack Pine)

Jackass Bitters Neurolaena Lobata

JACKASS BITTERS (Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br.) ++ Synonyms: - Conyza lobata L., C. symphytifolia Mill., Pluchea symph

Jamaica Dogwood Piscidia Piscipula

JAMAICA DOGWOOD (Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg.) + Synonyms: - Erythrina piscipula L., Ichthyomethia piscipula (L.) Hit

Japanese Atractylodes Atractylodes Japonica

JAPANESE ATRACTYLODES (Atractylodes japonica (Koidz.) Kitam) ++ Some data also apply to Atractylodes ovata in HH3. Perry t

Japanese Honeysuckle Lonicera Japonica

JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) ++ Synonyms: - L. aureoreticulata T. Moore, L. japonica var. aureo-ret

Jasmine Common Jasmine Java Plum

JASMINE, COMMON JASMINE (Jasminum officinale L.) + Activities (Jasmine) : - Anesthetic (f; EFS); Antispasmodic (f; HHB)

Jatamansi Indian Nard Nardostachys

JATAMANSI, INDIAN NARD (Nardostachys grandiflora DC.) ++ Synonym: - Nardostachys jatamansi auct. Activities (J

Java Tea Orthosiphon Aristatus

JAVA TEA (Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.) ++ Synonyms: - Clerodendranthus spicatus (Thunb.) C. Y. Wu ex H. W. Li,

JeQuirity Abrus Precatorius

JEQUIRITY (Abrus precatorius L.) X Synonym: - Glycine abrus L. Activities (Jequirity) : - Abortifacient (1;

Jewelweed Impatiens Capensis Meerb

JEWELWEED (Impatiens capensis Meerb.) + Synonyms: I. biflora Walter and I. pallida Nutt. are considered synonyms by yours

Jiaogulan Gynostemma Pentaphyllum

JIAOGULAN (Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino) ++ Synonyms: - G. pedatum Blume, Vitis pentaphylla Thunb.

Jimsonweed Datura Stramonium

JIMSONWEED (Datura stramonium L.) X Synonyms: - D. inermis Juss. ex Jacq., D. stramonium var. chalybea W. D. J. Koch,

John Charles Hyptis Verticillata

JOHN CHARLES (Hyptis verticillata Jacq.) ++ Activities (John Charles) : - Antibacterial (1; MPG); Anticancer (1; AAB);

John Charles Hyptis Verticillata

JOHN CHARLES (Hyptis verticillata Jacq.) ++ Activities (John Charles) : Antibacterial (1; MPG); Anticancer (1; AAB); An

Jojoba Simmondsia Chinensis

JOJOBA (Simmondsia chinensis (Link.) C. K. Schneid.) ++ Synonyms: - Buxus chinensis Link., Simmondsia californica Nutt

Jujube Common Jujube

JUJUBE, COMMON JUJUBE, CHINESE DATE (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) +++ Synonyms: - Rhamnus zizyphus L., Ziziphus sativa Gaert

Juniper Juniperus Communis

JUNIPER (Juniperus communis L.) +   Activities (Juniper) : - Alexeteric (f; KAB); Allergenic (f; APA); Analgesic (1

Jurema Jute Leaves Only

JUREMA (Mimosa hostilis Benth.) + Activities (Jurema) : Astringent (1; CRC); Hallucinogen (1; CRC); Narcotic (1; CRC);

Kale Brassica Oleracea Var

KALE (Brassica oleracea var. viridis L. etc.) +++ The USDA lists more than 20 varieties of kale, many of them, especially

Kamala Kamyuye Hoslundia Opposita

KAMALA (Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg.) + Activities (Kamala) : - Antibacterial (1; KAP; WOI); Anticancer (1;

Kapok Ceiba Pentandra Karaya

KAPOK (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.) ++ Synonyms: Bombax pentandrum L., Ceiba caribaea (DC.) A. Chev., C. casearia Med

Kava Piper Methysticum

KAVA (Piper methysticum G. Forster) ++ Activities (Kava) : - Allergenic (1; CRC); Analgesic (1; APA; FNF; WAM); Anaphro

Kelp Khaki Bush Wild Marigold

KELP (Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Postels & Rupr.) ++ Dosages (Kelp) : 4 - 6 (400-mg) tablets (APA); 2 - 3 tsp po

Khat Kidney Vetch

KHAT (Catha edulis (Vahl) Forrsk. ex Endl.) + Synonym: - Celastrus edulis Vahl. Activities (Khat) : - Anore

Kiwi Actinidia Deliciosa Kola

KIWI (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang & A. R. Ferguson) ++ Synonyms: - A. chinensis var. deliciosa A. C

Kombe Strophanthus Kombe Oliv

KOMBE (Strophanthus kombe Oliv.) X Used like S. gratus, but reportedly milder. Activities (Kombe) : - Anxiolyti

Konjac Amorphophallus Konjac

KONJAC (Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch) ++ Synonyms: - A. rivieri Durieu, A. rivieri var. konjac (K. Koch) Engl. B

Korean Mint Koussa

KOREAN MINT (Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Kuntze) ++ Synonym: - Cophanthus rugosus Fisch. & C. A. Me

Kratum Kwashi Pancratium

KRATUM (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) + Activities (Kratum) : - Analgesic (1; CRC); Anesthetic (1; ABS; FNF); Antitussive

Kudzu Pueraria Montana

KUDZU (Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S. M. Almeida) ++   Activities (Kudzu) : -

Labrador Tea Lady Fern

LABRADOR TEA (Ledum groenlandicum Oeder) + Synonyms: - Ledum latifolium Jacq., Ledum palustre susp. groenlandicum (Oed

Ladys Bedstraw Ladys Mantle

LADYS BEDSTRAW (Galium verum L.) ++ Activities (Ladys Bedstraw) : - Alterative (f; WOI); Antispasmodic (f; HHB); Aphrod

Ladys Slipper Cypripedium Spp

LADYS SLIPPER (Cypripedium spp.) XX (endangered) PH2 data apply only to nerve root Cypripedium calceolus L.; DEM data ap

Lambkill Laminaria Langsat Duku

LAMBKILL (Kalmia angustifolia L.) X Synonym: K. intermedia Lange. Activities (Lambkill) : Analgesic (f; DEM

Larkspur Forking Larkspur Latua

LARKSPUR, FORKING LARKSPUR (Consolida regalis S. F. Gray) X Synonym: - Delphinium consolida L. I hope the nonbotan

Lavender Cotton Lemon

LAVENDER-COTTON (Santolina chamaecyparissus L.) + Activities (Lavender-Cotton) : - Analgesic (f; CRC; WOI); Antibacteri

Lavender Lavandula Spp

LAVENDER (Lavandula spp.) ++ The KOM and PH2 references specify Lavandula angustifolia Mill., but I doubt there is any way

Lemon Bush Lemon Verbena

LEMON BUSH (Lippia javanica (Burm. f.) Spreng.) ++ Synonym: Verbena javanica Burm. f. Activities (Lemon Bush)

Lemon Wood Lesser Galangal

LEMON WOOD (Schisandra sphenanthera Rehder & E. H. Wilson) ++ Synonym: S. chinensis var. rubriflora Franch. B

Lemonbalm Melissa Officinalis

LEMONBALM (Melissa officinalis L.) +++ Activities (Lemonbalm) Analgesic (1; JAR10:7); Antibacterial (1; APA; BGB; PH2;

Lemongrass Cymbopogon Citratus

LEMONGRASS (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.) ++ Synonym: Andropogon citratus DC. Activities (Lemongrass) : Abortifacie

Lesser Periwinkle Vinca Minor

LESSER PERIWINKLE (Vinca minor L.) + Activities (Lesser Periwinkle) : Anesthetic (1; HH2; WBB); Antialzheimeran (1; FNF

Levant Cotton Gossypium Herbaceum

LEVANT COTTON (Gossypium herbaceum L.) + Synonym: Gossypium transvaalense G. Watt. Species not necessarily dis

Levant Wormseed Lime

LEVANT WORMSEED (Artemisia cina O. Berg) X Synonym: Seriphidium cinum (O. Berg) Poljakov Activities (Levant Wo

Licorice Glycyrrhiza Glabra

LICORICE (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) ++ I suspect the Chinese licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) has all the same activities and

Life Root SQuaw Weed

LIFE-ROOT, SQUAW WEED (Senecio aureus L.) XXX Golden Ragwort in PH2. Activities (Life-Root) : Abortifacient (f;

Lily Of The Valley Lima Bean

LILY OF THE VALLEY (Convallaria majalis L.) X Activities (Lily of the Valley): Antiseptic (1; PNC); Cardiotonic (1; CRC

Linden Tilia Spp

LINDEN (Tilia spp.) ++ Activities (Linden): Analgesic (f; PH2); Antibacterial (1; HH3); Antiedemic (1; PH2); Antisepti

Lobelia Lobelia Inflata

LOBELIA (Lobelia inflata L.) + Activities (Lobelia) : Analeptic (1; PH2); Antiasthmatic (1; CAN; CRC); Anticholinestera

Logwood Longleaf Pine

LOGWOOD (Haematoxylum campechianum L.) ++ Activities (Logwood) : Antibacterial (1; WOI); Antiinflammatory (f; PH2); Ant

Long Pepper Piper Longum

LONG PEPPER (Piper longum L.) +++ Activities (Long Pepper) : Abortifacient (f; KAB; MPI; SKJ); Alterative (f; KAP; MPI)

Loossestrife Lysimachia Vulgarislotus Lotus

LOOSESTRIFE (Lysimachia vulgaris L.) + Activities (Loosestrife) : Antipyretic (f; EFS); Astringent (f; EFS; PNC); Expec

Lovage Levisticum Officinale

LOVAGE (Levisticum officinale W. D. J. Koch) ++ Activities (Lovage) : Antiinflammatory (1; SHT); Antilithic (2; PHR); A

Lucky Nut Yellow Oleander

LUCKY NUT, YELLOW OLEANDER (Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.) X Synonyms: Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold, Cerbera

Lungmos Lungwort Lichen Lungmoss

LUNGMOSS, LUNGWORT LICHEN (Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.) + Synonym: Sticta pulmonaria L. Activities (Lungmos

Maca Madder Dyers Madder

MACA, PERUVIAN GINSENG (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) ++ Synonym: Lepidium peruvianum Chacon. Activities (Maca): BR

Magnolia Vine Schisandra Chinensis

MAGNOLIA VINE (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.) + Synonym: Kadsura chinensis Turcz. Activities (Magnolia

Maidenhair Fern Maitake

MAIDENHAIR FERN (Adiantum capillus-veneris L.) ++ Activities (Maidenhair Fern): Antipyretic (f; DAA; DEP); Astringent

Malabar Nut Justicia Adhatoda

MALABAR NUT (Justicia adhatoda L.) + Synonym: Adhatoda vasica Nees Activities (Malabar Nut) : Abortifacient

Malabar Tamarind Garcinia Cambogia

MALABAR TAMARIND (Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr.) ++ Synonym: Mangostana cambogia Gaertn. Activities (Malab

Male Fern Dryopteris Filixmas

MALE FERN (Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott) X (downgraded from CRC Edition 1) Activities (Male Fern) : Abortifacie

Mallow Hing Mallow

MALLOW, HIGH MALLOW (Malva sylvestris L.) +++ Synonyms: M. mauritiana L., M. sylvestris var. incanescens Griseb.

Manaca Manchineel Hippomane Manchinella

MANACÁ (Brunfelsia uniflora (Pohl) D. Don) X Synonyms: Brunfelsia hopeana (Hook.) Benth., Franciscea hopeana Hook., F.

Mandrake Mandragora Officinarum

MANDRAKE (Mandragora officinarum L.) X Synonym: M. vernalis Bertol. Activities (Mandrake): Anesthetic (1;

Mango Mangifera Indica

MANGO (Mangifera indica L.) ++ Activities (Mango) : Analgesic (f; DAD); Antibacterial (f; DAD); Antifibrotic (1; MPI);

Manna Marsh Blazing Star

MANNA (Fraxinus ornus L.) ++ Activities (Manna) :  Aperient (f; DAW); Astringent (f; MAD); Demulcent (f; BIB); Exp

Marijuana Cannabis Sativa

MARIJUANA (Cannabis sativa L.) ++ Synonym: Cannabis indica L. Activities (Marijuana) : Abortifacient (f; KA

Maritime Pine Pinus Pinaster

MARITIME PINE (Pinus pinaster Aiton) ++ Synonym: Pinus maritima Lam. Activities (Maritime Pine) : Analgesic

Marsh Marigold Marsh Tea

MARSH-MARIGOLD (Caltha palustris L.) + Synonym: C. polypetala Hochst. ex Lorent. Activities (Marsh-Marigold) :

Marshmallow Althaea Officinalis

MARSHMALLOW (Althaea officinalis L.) +++ Synonym: A. taurinensis DC. Activities (Marshmallow) : Analgesic (

Martagon Marula Sclerocarya Birrea

MARTAGON (Lilium martagon L.) ++ PH2s covers Lilium candidum L. and L. martagon L. but excludes Lilium tigrinum Ker Gawl,

Marupa Bitter Wood

MARUPA, BITTER WOOD (Simarouba amara Aubl.) + Synonym: Quassia simarouba L. f. Activities (Marupa) : Abortifaci

Masterwort Peucedanum Ostruthium

MASTERWORT (Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) W. D. J. Koch.) + Synonym: Imperatoria major Gray, I. ostruthium L. Act

Mastic Pistacia Lentiscus

MASTIC (Pistacia lentiscus L.) + Activities (Mastic) : Allergenic (f; CRC); Analgesic (f; BIB; CRC); Antibacterial (1;

Mate Ilex Paraguariensis St

MATÉ (Ilex paraguariensis St.-Hil.) ++ Activities (Maté) Analeptic (2; PIP); Analgesic (1; BGB; CAN); Anorecti

Matico Piper Aduncum

MATICO (Piper aduncum L.) ++ Synonyms: Piper angustifolium Ruiz & Pav., P. celtidifolium Kunth, P. elongatum Vahl.

Matrimony Vine Lycium Barbarum

MATRIMONY VINE (Lycium barbarum L.) ++ Synonyms :  L. halimifolium Mill., L. vulgare Dunal. FAY treat L. barbarum

Mayapple American Mandrake

MAYAPPLE, AMERICAN MANDRAKE (Podophyllum peltatum L.) X Activities (Mayapple) Acaricide (1; CRC); Allergenic (

Meadowsweet Filipendula Ulmaria

MEADOWSWEET (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.) ++ Synonym: Spiraea ulmaria L. Activities (Meadowswee

Melatonin

MELATONIN (+)-N.A. Activities (Melatonin) : Antiaging; Antidepressant; Antioxidant; Synchronizer. Indications (

Melon Cantaloupe Cucumis Melo

MELON, CANTALOUPE (Cucumis melo L.) +++ Activities (Melon) : Antiacne (1; PAM); Antiaging (1; FNF); Antialcoholic (f; B

Mescal Mescal Bean MesQuite

MESCAL (Agave sisalana Perrine) ++ Activities (Mescal) : Abortifacient (1; WO2); Allergenic (1; CRC); Cicatrizant

Metel Mexican Calea

METEL, HINDU DATURA (Datura metel L.) X Synonyms: D. alba Nees, D. chlorantha Hook., D. fastuosa L., D. metel var. fas

Mezereon Milkweed Asclepias Syriaca

MEZEREON (Daphne mezereum L.) X Activities (Mezereon) : Abortifacient (1; EFS; HHB; PH2); Alterative (f; EFS); Antiaggr

Milk Thistle Silybum Marianum

MILK THISTLE (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) +++ Synonym : Carduus marianus L. Activities (Milk Thistle) :

Mimosa Missouri Snakeroot

MIMOSA (Albizia julibrissin Durazz.) ++ Synonym : : Mimosa arborea Forssk. Activities (Mimosa) : Analgesic (

Mistletoe Viscum Album

MISTLETOE (Viscum album L.) X Activities (Mistletoe) : Antifertility (f; SKJ); Antileukemic (1; PNC); Antineoplastic (1

Mohodu Wa Pela Mole Plant

MOHODU-WA-PELA (Cineraria aspera Thunb.) +  Activities (Mohodu-Wa-Pela) : Fumitory (f; CRC); Hallucinogen (1; CRC)

Moneywort Monkshood Aconitum Napellus

MONEYWORT (Lysimachia nummularia L.) + Activities (Moneywort) : Antacid (f; EFS); Antibacterial (f; PH2); Antipyretic (

Moonseed Mormon Tea

MOONSEED (Menispermum canadense L.) + Activities (Moonseed) : Alterative (f; CRC); Cyanogenic (f; CRC); Diaphoretic (f;

Morning Glory Ipomoea Hederacea

MORNING GLORY (Ipomoea hederacea Jacq.) + Synonyms : I. barbigera Sweet, Pharbitis hederacea (Jacq.) Choisy I

Mother Of Thyme Thymus Serpyllum

MOTHER OF THYME (Thymus serpyllum L.) +++ Foster and Duke (1985) treat mother of thyme as T. pulegioides (FAD), Tucker and

Motherwort Leonurus Cardiaca

MOTHERWORT (Leonurus cardiaca L.) ++ Activities (Motherwort) : Allergenic (1; CRC); Analgesic (f; CRC; EFS); Antiaggreg

Mountain Ash Nountain Avens

MOUNTAIN ASH (Sorbus americana Marshall) ++ So similar to S. aucuparia that few people know with which they are dealing. P

Mountain Laurel Mouse Ear Hawkweed

MOUNTAIN LAUREL (Kalmia latifolia L.) X Synonym : K. latifolia var. myrtifolia Bosse. Activities (Mountain Lau

Mugwort Artemisia Vulgaris

MUGWORT (Artemisia vulgaris L.) + Synonym : A. vulgaris var. coarctata Forselles ex Besser. Activities (Mugwor

Muira Puma Ptychopetalum Olacoides

MUIRA PUAMA (Ptychopetalum olacoides Benth.) ++ Activities (Muira Puama) : Aperitif (f; CRC; MAD); Aphrodisiac (1; ABS;

Mullein Verbascum Spp

MULLEIN (Verbascum spp.) ++ Primarily Verbascum densiflorum Bertol (Synonym: V. thapsiforme Schrad.) and common mullein, V

Musk Mallow Musk Okra

MUSK-MALLOW, MUSK OKRA (Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.) ++ Synonym : Hibiscus abelmoschus L. Activities (Musk-Ma

Mustard Brassica Juncea

MUSTARD (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., B. nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch, and Sinapis alba L.) ++ Many writers do not distinguish

Myrrh Commiphora Myrrha

MYRRH (Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. and other spp.) ++ Synonyms : Balsamodendrum myrrha Nees, Commiphora molmol Engl

Myrtle Myrtus Communis

MYRTLE (Myrtus communis L.) ++ Activities (Myrtle) : Analgesic (f; FEL); Antibacterial (1; BIB; PH2); Antiedemic (1; MP

Nasturtium Tropaeolum Majus

NASTURTIUM (Tropaeolum majus L.) + Activities (Nasturtium) : Allergenic (1; HH2); Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antipyretic (

Neem Azadirachta Indica

NEEM (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) + Synonyms : Antelaea azadirachta (L.) Adelb., Melia azadirachta L. The Her

Nepalese Cardamom Amomum Aromaticum

NEPALESE CARDAMOM (Amomum aromaticum Roxb.) ++ According to WOI, A. aromaticum and A. subulatum are pretty much used inter

Nettle Urtica Dioica

NETTLE (Urtica dioica L.) +++ MAD entries may apply as well to Urtica urens, the smaller dog nettle. Activities (N

New Jersey Tea

NEW JERSEY TEA (Ceanothus americanus L.) ++ Synonyms : C. americanus var. intermedius (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray, C.

Niando Iporuru Alchornea Floribunda

NIANDO, IPORURU (Alchornea floribunda Muell. Arg.) X Regrettably, PH2 cites the Duke and Vasquez Amazonian Ethnobotanical

Niauli Melaleuca Viridiflora Sol

NIAULI (Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn.) + Activities (Niauli) : Antibacterial (1; JAD; PHR); Antiseptic (1; JAD;

Night Blooming Cereus

NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS (Selenicereus grandiflorus (L.) Britt. & Rose) + Synonym : Cactus grandiflorus L. Ac

Noni Indian Mulberry

NONI, INDIAN MULBERRY (Morinda citrifolia L.) +++ Activities (Noni) : Analgesic (1; HAD); Antiarthritic (1; TRA); Antip

Northern Maidenhair Pointer Weed

NORTHERN MAIDENHAIR, POINTER WEED (Adiantum pedatum L.) ++ PH2 entries apply to European maidenhair. Grieve’s A Mode

Nutmeg Myristica Fragrans Houtt

NUTMEG (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) ++ Synonym : M. officinalis L. f. Activities (Nutmeg) : Abortifacient (f

Nux Vomica Strychnos Nux Vomica

NUX VOMICA (Strychnos nux-vomica L.) X Activities (Nux Vomica) : Abortifacient (f; CRC); Alexeteric (f; KAB); Analgesic

Oak Quercus Spp

OAK (Quercus spp.) ++ MAD and PH2 = Quercus robur L. (“Stieleiche” (German) in this entry). I think our white

Oakgall Quercus Infectoria Olivier

OAKGALL (Quercus infectoria Olivier.) ++ Galls follow deposition of wasp eggs on leaf buds, resulting in round bitter gall

Oats Avena Sativa

OATS (Avena sativa L.) +++ Activities (Oats) : Antidepressant (1; PNC); Antiinflammatory (2; BGB; KOM); Antiprostagland

Okra Olive Leaf

OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.) ++ Synonym : Hibiscus esculentus L. Activities (Okra) Abortifacient (f;

Olive Oil OloliuQui Moonflower

OLIVE OIL (Olea europaea L.) +++ Activities (Olive Oil) : Antiaggregant (1; APA); Antidote, lead (f; FEL); Cardioprotec

Onion Allium Cepa

ONION (Allium cepa L.) +++ Activities (Onion) : Allergenic (1; APA); Amebicide (1; X10594976); Antiaggregant (2; BGB; K

Opium Antidote Orange Peel

OPIUM ANTIDOTE (Combretum micranthum G. Don) + Activities (Opium Antidote) : Antibacterial (1; HHB); Antidote, opium (f

Opium Poppy Papaver Somniferum

OPIUM POPPY (Papaver somniferum L.) (+++ seeds) (XXX opium) Activities (Opium Poppy) : Abortifacient (f; SKJ); Analgesi

Orange Citrus Sinensis

ORANGE (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) ++ Synonyms : C. aurantium var. sinensis L., C. macracantha Hassk. Activi

Ordeal Bean Calabar Bean

ORDEAL BEAN, CALABAR BEAN (Physostigma venenosum Balf.) X Activities (Ordeal Bean) : Anticholinesterase (1; HH3); Antic

Oregano Origanum Vulgare

OREGANO (Origanum vulgare L.) +++ Activities (Oregano) : Analgesic (1; APA); Antialzheimeran (1; COX; FNF); Antiarthrit

Oregon Grape Mahonia Aquifolium

OREGON GRAPE (Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.) + Synonyms : Berberis aquifolium Pursh, B. diversifolia (Sweet) Steud.

Oriental Arborvitae Platycladus Orientalis

ORIENTAL ARBORVITAE (Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco) + Synonyms : Biota orientalis, Retinispora juniperoides Carri

Oriental Bittersweet Celastrus Paniculatus

ORIENTAL BITTERSWEET (Celastrus paniculatus Willd.) X Synonym : C. dependens Wall. Activities (Oriental Bitter

Orris Iris Spp

ORRIS (Iris spp) + Are the irises, or the taxonomists, or me screwed up? In a rare show of bravery, Steinmetz (EFS) covers

Oxeye Daisy Leucanthemum Vulgare

OXEYE DAISY (Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.) ++ Synonym : Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Activities (Oxeye Daisy) :

Pacific Yew Taxus Brevifolia

PACIFIC YEW (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) X PHR treats the European yew, Taxus baccata; APA treats the Western Yew, Taxus brevi

Pagoda Tree Styphnolobium Japonicum

PAGODA TREE (Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott) + Synonym : Sophora japonica L., S. japonica f. pendula Zabel.

Pakistani Ephedra Ephedra Gerardiana

PAKISTANI EPHEDRA (Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf) + Activities (Pakistani Ephedra) : Alterative (f; CRC); Analeptic

Pansy Viola Tricolor

PANSY (Viola tricolor L.) ++ Synonym : V. tricolor var. hortensis DC. Can be substituted for V. odorata L.(FEL).

Papaya Carica Papaya

PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.) +++ Synonyms : C. peltata Hook. & Arn., C. posoposa L., Papaya carica Gaertn. Ac

Paper Mulberry Broussonetia Papyrifera

PAPER MULBERRY (Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent.) ++ Synonyms : Morus papyrifera L., Papyrius papyrifera (L.) Kuntze

Pareire Curare Chondrodendron Tomentosum

PAREIRA, CURARE (Chondrodendron tomentosum Ruiz & Pav.) + Activities (Pareira) : Anesthetic (1; PH2); Anticonvulsan

Parica Parsley Piert

PARICA (Virola calophylla (Spruce) Warb.) + Activities (Parica) : Hallucinogen (1; CRC); Narcotic (f; CRC); Toxic (f; C

Parsley Petroselinum Crispum

PARSLEY (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. Hill) ++ Synonyms : Apium crispum Mill., A. petroselinum L., Caru

Parsnip Pastinaca Sativa

PARSNIP (Pastinaca sativa L.) + Activities (Parsnip) : Abortifacient (f; MAD); Antispasmodic (1; WOI); Aphrodisiac (f;

Passionflower Passiflora Incarnata

PASSIONFLOWER (Passiflora incarnata L.) ++ Activities (Passionflower) : Analgesic (1; APA; PNC); Antibacterial (1; APA;

Patchouli Pogostemon Cablin

PATCHOULI (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.) + Synonym : Mentha cablin Blanco. IHB data apply to closely rela

Pau Darco Tabebuia Spp

PAU D’ARCO (Tabebuia spp.) + Activities (Pau d’Arco) : Abortifacient (1; MAB); Alexeteric (f; CRC); Analges

Pawpaw Peanut Arachis Hypogaea

PAWPAW (Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal) + Synonym : Annona triloba L. Activities (Pawpaw) : Allergenic (1; PH2)

Pear Pearly Everlasting

PEAR (Pyrus communis L.) +++ Synonyms : P. asiae-mediae Popov, P. balansae Decne., P. bourgaeana Decne., P. domestica

Peegee Pellitory Of The Wall

PEEGEE (Hydrangea paniculata Seibold) ++ Synonyms : H. paniculata var. intermedia Bois ex Nakai, H. paniculata var. pr

Pepper Bark Petroleum Plant

PEPPER BARK, FEVER TREE (Warburgia salutaris (Bertol. f.) Chiov.) + Activities (Pepper Bark) : Analgesic (1; FNF; ZUL)

Peppermint Mentha Piperita

PEPPERMINT (Mentha x piperita L.) +++ Activities (Peppermint) : Allergenic (1; FAD); Analgesic (1; APA; BGB; FEL; SHT);

Perilla Perilla Frutescens

PERILLA (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton) ++ Synonyms : Dentidia nankinensis Lour., Ocimum frutescens L., Perilla argu

Peyote Pheasants Eye

PEYOTE (Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) J. M. Coult.) + Synonym : Echinocactus williamsii Lem. ex Salm-Dyck.

Phyllanthus Phyllanthus Niruri

PHYLLANTHUS (Phyllanthus niruri L.) + P. amarus, P. debilis, P. fraternus and P. niruri are confused in the field and in t

Picrorhiza Picrorhiza Kurrooa Royle

PICRORHIZA (Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth.) + Activities (Picrorhiza) : Analgesic (1; KEB); Antiaging (f; PM8:125);

Pigeonpea Cajanus Cajan

PIGEONPEA (Cajanus cajan (L.). Millsp.) +++ Synonyms : C. bicolor DC., C. flavus DC., C. indicus Spreng., Cytisus caja

Pilewort Ranunculus Ficaria

PILEWORT (Ranunculus ficaria L.) + Synonym : Ficaria ranunculoides Moench. Activities (Pilewort) : Astringe

Pimpinella Pimpinella Saxifraga

PIMPINELLA (Pimpinella saxifraga L.) ++ KOM treats P. saxifraga L. and P. major (L.) Huds. as one. PHR and PH2 call it jus

Pineapple Ananas Comosus

PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) +++ Synonyms : A. ananas (L.) Voss, A. duckei hort., A. sativus Schult. & Sc

Pinkroot Spigelia Marilandica

PINKROOT (Spigelia marilandica (L.) L.) X Synonym : Lonicera marilandica L. The Herbal PDR mentions wormwood grass

Pipsissewa Chimaphila Spp

PIPSISSEWA (Chimaphila spp.) ++ Activities (Pipsissewa) : Alterative (f; PNC); Analgesic (f; DEM); Antiaggregant (1; F

Piripiri Cyperus Articulatus

PIRIPIRI (Cyperus articulatus L.) ++ Synonym : C. corymbosus Rottb. Thank goodness for scientific names. Of al

Pitcher Plant Sarracenia Purpurea

PITCHER PLANT (Sarracenia purpurea L.) + Activities (Pitcher Plant) : Astringent (1; FEL); Diaphoretic (f; HHB); Diure

Plantain Plantago Major

PLANTAIN (Plantago major L.) ++ Commission E does not index this species (KOM), but Blumenthal (2000) extended much ribwor

Pleurisy Root Asclepias Tuberosa

PLEURISY ROOT (Asclepias tuberosa L.) + Activities (Pleurisy Root) : Abortifacient (f; TOM); Analgesic (f; FAD; PH2);

Plum European Plum Plumbago

PLUM, EUROPEAN PLUM (Prunus domestica L.) + Activities (Plum) : Antiaging (1; JNU); Antioxidant (1; JNU); Antipyretic

Poison Hemlock Conium Maculatum

POISON HEMLOCK (Conium maculatum L.) X Activities (Poison Hemlock) : Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (f; CRC); Anaphrod

Poison Ivy Poinsettia

POISON IVY (Toxicodendron pubescens Mill.) X Synonyms : Rhus toxicodendron L., R. toxicodendron var. quercifolium Mich

Poke Root Phytolacca Americana

POKE ROOT (Phytolacca americana L.) X Synonym: P. Decandra L. Activities (Poke Root) : Abortifacient (f; W

Poley Teucrium Polium Pondlily

POLEY (Teucrium polium L.) + Activities (Poley) : Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antiedemic (1; PH2; X2634627); Antiexudative

Pomegrarate Punica Granatum

POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum L.) +++ Activities (Pomegranate) : Abortifacient (f; PH2; WBB); Amebicide (1; HH2; PH2);

Pontian Rhododendron Poplar Populu

PONTIAN RHODODENDRON (Rhododendron ponticum L.) X Activities (Pontian Rhododendron) : Bradycardic (f; HHB; PH2); Depur

Potato Solanum Tuberosum

POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.) + Activities (Potato) : Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (1; TRA); Antibacterial (1; CRC);

Premorse Devils Bit

PREMORSE, DEVIL’S BIT (Succisa pratensis Moench) + Synonym : Scabiosa succisa L. Activities (Premorse) :

Prickly Ash Zanthoxylum Spp

PRICKLY ASH (Zanthoxylum spp.) + Synonyms : Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. in FEL, Z. fraxineum in MAD. Activiti

Prickly Pear Prickly Poppy

PRICKLY PEAR (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) ++ Synonyms : Cactus ficus-indica L., Opuntia ficus-indica var. gymnoca

Princes Feather Amaranther Privet

PRINCE’S FEATHER, AMARANTH (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) ++ Synonyms : A. hybridus var. erythrostachyus Moq.,

Prostrate Knotweed Polygonum Aviculare

PROSTRATE KNOTWEED (Polygonum aviculare L.) + Synonym : P. heterophyllum Lindm. Activities (Prostrate Knotweed

Psyllium Blonde Ispaghula

PSYLLIUM, BLONDE ISPAGHULA (Plantago ovata Forsk.) +++ Synonym : P. ispaghula Roxb. ex Fleming. WHO defines Semen

Puffball Lycoperdon Pumpkin Seed

PUFFBALL (Lycoperdon spp.) ++ Activities (Puffball) : Hemostat (1; EFS). Indications (Puffball) : Anemia (

Pulsatilla PasQueflower Anemone Pulsatilla

PULSATILLA, PASQUEFLOWER (Anemone pulsatilla L.) X Synonyms : A. serotina (Schur) Coste, Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill., P.

Pumpkin Cucurbita Pepo

PUMPKIN (Cucurbita pepo L.) +++ Synonyms : Cucumis pepo (L.) Dumort., Cucurbita mammeata Molina. TRAMIL data based on

Puncture Vine Tribulus Terrestris

PUNCTURE VINE (Tribulus terrestris L.) +++ Activities (Puncture Vine) : Antiinflammatory (f; KAB); Antipyretic (f; SUW

Purging Croton Croton Tiglium

PURGING CROTON (Croton tiglium L.) X Activities (Purging Croton) : Abortifacient (f; KAB); Carminative (f; KAB); Cocar

Purging Nut Bubble Bush

PURGING NUT, BUBBLE BUSH (Jatropha curcas L.) X Activities (Purging Nut) : Abortifacient (f; CRC; MPG; WBB); Analgesic

Purple Beebalm Purple Gromwell

PURPLE BEEBALM (Monarda fistulosa L.) ++ Activities (Purple Beebalm) : Carminative (1; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; FAD); Ver

Purple Loosestrife Lythrum Salicaria

PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE (Lythrum salicaria L.) ++ Activities (Purple Loosestrife) : Antibacterial (1; PH2); Antiinflammator

Purple Tephrosia Tephrosia Purpurea

PURPLE TEPHROSIA (Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.) + Activities (Purple Tephrosia) : Alexeteric (f; KAB); Alterative (f;

Purslane Portulaca Oleracea

PURSLANE (Portulaca oleracea L.) +++ Activities (Purslane) : Alterative (f; DAV); Antipyretic (f; AAB); Aperient (f; D

Pussy Willow Pygeum

PUSSY WILLOW (Salix discolor Muhl.) ++ Activities (Pussy Willow) : Analgesic (1; DEM; FNF); Antiaggregant (1; FNF); An

Pussytoes Cats Foot

PUSSYTOES, CAT’S FOOT (Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.) ++ Synonym : Gnaphalium dioicum L. Activities (Pu

Pyrethrum Tanacetum Cinerariifolium

PYRETHRUM (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip.) ++ Synonyms : Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Vis.,

Quassia Picrasma Excelsa

QUASSIA (Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch.) + Synonym : Quassia excelsa Sw. Authors have wisely aggregated Picrasma a

Quebracho Aspidosperma Quebracho

QUEBRACHO (Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco Schltdl.) ++ Activities (Quebracho) : Adrenolytic (1; X7841224); Anesthetic (

Queen Annes Lace Daucus Carota

QUEEN ANNES LACE (Daucus carota L. subsp. carota) + Activities (Queen Annes Lace) : Antilithic (f; APA); Aphrodisiac (

Queens Delight Stillingia Sylvatica

QUEEN’S DELIGHT (Stillingia sylvatica Garden ex L.) X Synonyms : S. sylvatica subsp. tenuis (Small) D. J. Rogers

Quince Cydonia Oblonga Mill

QUINCE (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) ++ Synonyms : C. vulgaris Pers., Pyrus cydonia L. Activities (Quince) : Ant

Rabbit Tobacco Gnaphalium Obtusifolium

RABBIT TOBACCO (Gnaphalium obtusifolium L.) ++ Synonym : Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & Burtt.

Rabdosia Rabdosia Spp

RABDOSIA (Rabdosia spp. L.) + This is truly a generic entry aggregating data on several species of Rabdosia from 43 abstra

Radish Raphanus Sativus

RADISH (Raphanus sativus L.) +++ Activities (Radish) : Antibacterial (1; WOI); Antioxidant (1; WOI); Antiseptic (2; KO

Ramson Bear Garlic

RAMSON, BEAR GARLIC (Allium ursinum L.) +++ Activities (Ramson) : ACE Inhibitor (1; FNF; PH2); Antiaggregant (1; FNF;

Raspberry Rubus Idaeus

RASPBERRY (Rubus idaeus L.) ++ Synonyms : R. buschii (Rozanova) Grossh., R. idaeus var. vulgatus Arrh., R. vulgatus va

Rauwolfia Snakewood Rauvolfia Serpentina

RAUWOLFIA, SNAKEWOOD (Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz) + Activities (Rauwolfia) : Antiandrogenic (1; CRC); A

Red Bryony Bryonia Dioica

RED BRYONY (Bryonia dioica Jacq.) X Hager’s Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis (HHB), from which PH2 wisely draws

Red Bush Tea Red Aspalathus

RED BUSH TEA (Aspalathus sp.) +++ Activities (Red Bush Tea) : Antianemic (f; APA); Antiaging (f; APA); Antiallergic (f

Red Clover Trifolium Pratense

RED CLOVER (Trifolium pratense L.) +++ Activities (Red Clover) : Alterative (f; CRC; GMH; PNC); Antiangiogenic (1; FNF

Red Currant Ribes Rubrum

RED CURRANT (Ribes rubrum L.) +++ Synonyms : R. rubrum var. sativum Rchb., R. sativum (Rchb.) Syme, R. sylvestre (Lam.

Red Head Hamelia Patens

RED HEAD (Hamelia patens Jacq.) ++ Synonym : H. erecta Jacq. Activities (Redhead) : Analgesic (1; AAB; TRA

Red Maple Red Mulberry

RED MAPLE (Acer rubrum L.) + Activities (Red Maple) : Analgesic (f; DEM); Anemiagenic (1; ABS); Astringent (f; PH2); C

Red Root Sage

RED ROOT SAGE (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) +++ Activities (Red Root Sage) : Alterative (f; FAY); Antiaging (f; AKT); An

Red Valerian Reishi

RED VALERIAN (Centranthus ruber (L.) DC.) ++ Synonym : Valeriana rubra L. Activities (Red Valerian) : Equi

Redroot Red Sandalwood

RED ROOT (Lachnanthes tinctoria (J. F. Gmel.) Elliott) + I here include L. caroliniana (DEM). Activities (Redroot)

Rehmannia Chinese Foxglove

REHMANNIA, CHINESE FOXGLOVE (Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Steud.) + Synonym : Digitalis glutinosa Gaertn. Act

Restharrow Ononis Spinosa

RESTHARROW (Ononis spinosa L.) + Activities (Restharrow) : Antiedemic (1; HH2; PH2); Antiscorbutic (1; HHB); Antisepti

Rhatany Krameria Lappacea

RHATANY (Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Burdet & B.B. Simpson) ++ Synonym : K. iluca Phil., K. triandra Ruiz and Pav.

Rhubarb Da Huang Rheum Palmatum

RHUBARB, DA HUANG (Rheum palmatum L.) + Apparently used interchangeably with R. officinale Baill. (e.g., under EFS and MAD

Ribwort Plantago Lanceolata

RIBWORT (Plantago lanceolata L.) ++ Madaus (1939) treats ribwort and plantain in the same entry. Activities (Ribwo

Rice Oryza Sativa

RICE (Oryza sativa L.) +++ Synonyms : O. glutinosa Lour., O. sativa cv. italica Alef., O. sativa subsp. indica Kato, O

Rocket Larkspur Consolida Ajacis

ROCKET LARKSPUR (Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur) X Synonyms : Consolida ambigua auct., Delphinium ajacis L., D. ambiguum

Roman Chamomile Chamaemelum Nobile

ROMAN CHAMOMILE (Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All.) +++ Synonyms : Anthemis nobilis L., Ormenis nobilis (L.) J. Gay ex Coss

Rose Bay Rose Laurel

ROSE BAY, ROSE LAUREL (Nerium oleander L.) X Synonyms : N. indicum Mill., N. odorum Aiton. Treated separately

Rose Hips Dogrose

ROSE HIPS, DOGROSE (Rosa canina L.) +++ Synonym : R. lutetiana Léman. Much of the German literature refers to

Rose Of Sharon Hibiscus Syriacus

ROSE-OF-SHARON (Hibiscus syriacus L.) ++ Activities (Rose-of-Sharon) : Analgesic (f; FAY); Antibacterial (1; FAY); Ant

Rose Petals Rosa Centifolia

ROSE PETALS (Rosa centifolia L.) +++ Both Commission E (KOM) and the Herbal PDR (PH2) aggregate Rosa centifolia L. and R.

Roselle Hibiscus Sabdariffa

ROSELLE (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) +++ Activities (Roselle) : Abortifacient (f; EFS); Antiaggregant (1; DAD); Antibacter

Rosemary Rosmarinus Officinalis

ROSEMARY (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) +++ Synonym : R. officinalis var. prostratus hort. Activities (Rosemary)

Rosinweed Silphium Laciniatum

ROSINWEED (Silphium laciniatum L.) ++ Activities (Rosinweed) : Alterative (f; EFS); Antibacterial (1; WOI); Antipyreti

Rosy Periwinkle Catharanthus Roseus

ROSY PERIWINKLE (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don) + Synonyms : Ammocallis rosea (L.) Small, Lochnera rosea (L.) Rchb.,

Round Cardamom Leafed Wintergreen

ROUND CARDAMOM (Amomum compactum Sol. ex Maton) ++ Synonym : A. kepulaga Sprague & Burkill. Activities (Ro

Rowan Berry Rubber Vine

ROWAN BERRY (Sorbus aucuparia L.) ++ Synonyms : Pyrus aucuparia (L.) Gaertn., P. aucuparia var. dulcis (Kraetzl) Asch.

Rue Ruta Graveolens

RUE (Ruta graveolens L.) + Used interchangeably with R. chalapensis L. Activities (Rue) : Abortifacient (1; AA

Rupturewort Rye Secale Cereale

RUPTUREWORT (Herniaria glabra L.) ++ EFS and HHB lump H. glabra L. with H. hirsuta L. WOI entries were reported for H. gla

Sabadilla Sacred Virola

SABADILLA (Schoenocaulon officinale (Schltdl. & Cham.) A. Gray ex Benth.) + Synonym : Veratrum officinale Schltdl.

Safflower Carthamus Tinctorius

SAFFLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius L.) +++ Activities (Safflower) : Abortifacient (f; AHP; HHB; PH2); Analgesic (1; WO3);

Saffron Crocus Sativus

SAFFRON (Crocus sativus L.) ++ Activities (Saffron) : Abortifacient (2; PHR; PH2); Analgesic (f; APA; CRC; MAD); Antid

Sage Salvia Officinalis

SAGE (Salvia officinalis L.) +++ Activities (Sage) : Anaphrodisiac (f; FEL); Antialzheimeran (1; COX; FNF); Antiarthri

Sago Cycas Salad Burnet

SAGO CYCAS (Cycas revoluta Thunb.) X Activities (Sago Cycas) : Antirheumatic (f; CRC); Astringent (f; CRC); Diuretic (

Salep Salpani Desmodium Gangeticum

SALEP (Orchis spp.) ++ (but X) Including O. mascula L., O. morio, O. ustula. Probably any orchid with paired bulbs suggest

Samphire Crithmum Maritimum Sandalwood

SAMPHIRE (Crithmum maritimum L.) ++ Activities (Samphire): Aperitif (f; EFS); Depurative (f; EFS); Digestive (f; EFS);

Sand Spurrey Sandy Everlasting

SAND SPURREY (Spergularia rubra (L.) J. Presl & C. Presl) ++ Synonym : Arenaria rubra L. PH2 strangely adopts

Sandarac Sandbox Tree

SANDARAC (Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast.) + Synonyms : Callitris articulata (Vahl) Murb., C. quadrivalvis Vent.,

Sanicle San Pedro

SANICLE (Sanicula europaea L.) ++ Activities (Sanicle) : Alterative (f; PNC); Antiedemic (1; HH2; PHR; PH2); Antiinfl

Sarsaparilla Smilax Aristolochiifolia Mill

SARSAPARILLA (Smilax aristolochiifolia Mill.) +++ Synonym : S. medica Schltdl & Cham. APA lists Smilax off

Sassafras Sassafras Albidum

SASSAFRAS (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees) + (or X, CAN) Synonyms : Laurus albida Nutt., Sassafras officinale Nees &am

Sassy Bark Sausage Tree

SASSY BARK, ORDEAL TREE (Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan) X Synonyms : Erythrophleum guineense G.

Savin Juniperus Sabina

SAVIN (Juniperus sabina L.) + Activities (Savin) : Abortifacient (f; CRC; HHB); Anticancer (1; PH2); Antineoplastic (1

Savory Satureja Sp

SAVORY (Satureja sp.) +++ The PH2 entries are for Satureja hortensis L. Activities (Savory) : Analgesic (f; HH

Saw Palmetto Serenoa Repens

SAW PALMETTO (Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small) +++ Synonyms : Chamaerops serrulata Michx., Corypha repens W. Bartram

Scarlet Elder Sambucus Racemosa

SCARLET ELDER (Sambucus racemosa L. subsp. pubens (Michx.) House) + Synonyms : S. pubens Michx., S. pubens f. xanthoca

Scarlet Pimpernel Anagallis Arvensis

SCARLET PIMPERNEL (Anagallis arvensis L.) + Activities (Scarlet Pimpernel) : Antidote, fish (f; PH2); Antiseptic (1; P

Scarlet Poppy Scopolia

SCARLET POPPY (Papaver bracteatum Lindl.) + Activities (Scarlet Poppy) : Analgesic (1; CRC); Antinarcotic (1; CRC); An

Scotch Broom Cytisus Scoparius

SCOTCH BROOM (Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link) XXX Synonyms : C. scoparius var. andreanus (Puiss.) Dippel, C. scoparius va

Scotch Pine Pinus Sylvestris

SCOTCH PINE (Pinus sylvestris L.) + Synonyms : P. nigra f. pygmaea (Carrière) Rehder, P. sylvestris f. nana (Carrière)

Scotch Thistle Scurvy Grass Spoonwort

SCOTCH THISTLE (Onopordum acanthium L.) +++ Activities (Scotch Thistle) : Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antitussive (f; HHB);

Sea Buckthorn Sea Island Cotton

SEA BUCKTHORN (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) +++ Activities (Sea Buckthorn) : Antiaggregant (f; PH2); Antiaging (f; PH2); A

Self Heal Heal All

SELF-HEAL, HEAL ALL (Prunella vulgaris L.) +++ Activities (Self-Heal) : Alterative (f; SKJ); Analgesic (f; DEM); Antii

Senburi Senega Root

SENBURI (Swertia japonica Makino) ++ Activities (Senburi) : Aperitif (1; PH2); Bitter (1; PH2); Cardiotonic (1; HHB);

Sensitive Plant Servicetree

SENSITIVE PLANT (Mimosa pudica L.) ++ Activities (Sensitive Plant) : Abortifacient (f; JFM); Analgesic (f; AAB); Antib

Sesame Sesamum Indicum Shanshi

SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) +++ Synonyms : S. mulayanum N. C. Nair, S. orientale L. Activities (Sesame) :

Shatavari Shatamuli Asparagus Racemosus

SHATAVARI, SHATAMULI (Asparagus racemosus Willd.) ++ Synonyms : A. rigidulus Nakai, A. schoberioides Kunth, Protaspara

Shavegrass Great Scouring Rush

SHAVEGRASS, GREAT SCOURING RUSH (Equisetum hyemale L.) + Activities (Shavegrass) : Abortifacient (f; DEM); Astringent

Sheep Sorrel Rumex Acetosella

SHEEP SORREL (Rumex acetosella L.) ++ Used interchangeably with R. acetosa (HHB). Activities (Sheep Sorrel) :

Shepherds Purse Capsella Bursa

SHEPHERD’S PURSE (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.) ++ Synonym : Thlaspi bursa-pastoris L. Activities

Shitake Siam Benzoin

SHITAKE (Lentinus edodes) +++ Activities (Shitake) : Antibacterial (1; X11137653); Antihepatosis (f; SKY); Antiseptic

Siberian Ginseng Eleutherococcus Senticosus

SIBERIAN GINSENG (Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.) +++ Synonyms : Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr

Siberian Tea Sicklepod

SIBERIAN TEA (Bergenia crassifolia (L.) Fritsch) + Synonyms : Bergenia cordifolia (Haw.) Sternb., Saxifraga cordifolia

Silver Vine Sinicuichi

SILVER VINE (Actinidia polygama (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim.) + Synonym : Trochostigma polygama Siebold & Zucc. B

Skirret Sium Sisarum Skullcap

SKIRRET (Sium sisarum L.) ++ Activities (Skirret) : Aperitif (f; PH2). Indications (Skirret) : Anorexia (f

Skunk Cabbage Symplocarpus Foetidus

SKUNK CABBAGE (Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex W. P. C. Barton) + Synonym : Dracontium foetidus L. Activ

Slash Pine Slippery Elm

SLASH PINE (Pinus elliotii Engelm.) + Activities (Slash Pine) : Analgesic (f; DEM); Antiseptic (1; CRC); Expectorant (

Sloe Blackthorn Prunus Spinosa

SLOE, BLACKTHORN (Prunus spinosa L.) ++ Activities (Sloe) : Antipyretic (f; EFS); Astringent (1; EFS; PHR; PH2); Cardi

Smartweed Polygonum Hydropiper

SMARTWEED (Polygonum hydropiper L.) ++ Synonym : Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach. Activities (Smartweed) : B

Smooth Loofah Luffa

SMOOTH LOOFAH, LUFFA (Luffa aegyptiaca Mill.) ++ Synonyms : Cucurbita luffa hort., Luffa cylindrica M. Roem., L. p

Smooth Sumac Snake Plant

SMOOTH SUMAC (Rhus glabra L.) ++ Synonyms : R. cismontana Greene, R. glabra var. cismontana (Greene) Cockerell. B

Snakeroot Aristolochia Serpentaria Sneezewort

SNAKEROOT (Aristolochia serpentaria L.) X Activities (Snakeroot) : Alterative (f; CRC); Anaphrodisiac (f; EFS); Analge

Snowdrop Galanthus Nivalis

SNOWDROP (Galanthus nivalis L.) X Activities (Snowdrop) : Analeptic (1; PH2); Anticholinesterase (1; HH2; PH2); Anticu

Soaptree Quillaja Saponaria Molina

SOAPTREE (Quillaja saponaria Molina) + Activities (Soaptree) : Antiexudative (f; PH2); Antiinflammatory (f; PHR); Card

Soapwort Saponaria Officinalis

SOAPWORT (Saponaria officinalis L.) + Synonym : S. officinalis var. glaberrima Ser. Activities (Soapwort) : B

Sodoms Milkweed Calotropis Procera

SODOM’S MILKWEED (Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton) X Synonym: Asclepias procera Aiton. C. gigantea (L

Solomons Seal Soma

SOLOMONS-SEAL (Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All.) + Activities (Solomons-Seal) : Antidiabetic (f; HHB); Antiinflammato

Sorrel Rumex Acetosa

SORREL (Rumex acetosa L.) ++ Aggregated with R. crispus L. by MAD. Frankly, I think most species seem to share the same ch

Soul Vine Sour Cherry

SOUL VINE, AYAHUASCA (Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C. V. Morton) + Synonyms : Banisteria caapi Spruce ex G

Southern Prickly Ash

SOUTHERN PRICKLY ASH (Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L.) + Activities (Southern Prickly Ash) : Analgesic (f; CAN; PNC); An

Southern Tsangshu Cang Zhu

SOUTHERN TSANGSHU, CANG ZHU (Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.) ++ Synonyms : Atractylis lancea Thunb., Atractylis ovat

Southernwood Soybean Glycine Max

SOUTHERNWOOD (Artemisia abrotanum L.) + Synonym : A. procera Willd. Activities (Southernwood) : Antipyreti

Spanish Chestnut Spanish Needles

SPANISH CHESTNUT (Castanea sativa Mill.) ++ Synonyms : Castanea vesca Gaertn., C. vulgaris Lam., Fagus castanea L., F.

Spanish Pellitory Anacyclus Pyrethrum

SPANISH PELLITORY (Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link) + Synonyms : Anacyclus officinarum Hayne, Anthemis pyrethrum L.

Spearmint Mentha Spicata

SPEARMINT (Mentha spicata L.) +++ Synonyms : M. aquatica var. crispa (L.) Benth., M. cordifolia Opiz ex Fresen., M. cr

Speedwell Veronica Officinalis

SPEEDWELL (Veronica officinalis L.) ++ Activities (Speedwell) : Alterative (f; FEL; PNC); Antidiaphoretic (f; PH2); An

Spicebush Lindera Benzoin

SPICEBUSH (Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume) + Synonyms : Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees, Laurus aestivalis L., Laurus benzoin L.

Spikenard Aralia Racemosa

SPIKENARD (Aralia racemosa L.) ++ Activities (Spikenard) : Alterative (f; CEB); Antipyretic (f; DEM); Antiseptic (f; C

Spinach Spinacia Oleracea

SPINACH (Spinacia oleracea L.) +++ Synonyms : S. inermis Moench, S. oleracea var. inermis (Moench) Peterm., S. spinosa

Spreading Dogbane Spring Snowflake

SPREADING DOGBANE (Apocynum androsaemifolium L.) X Activities (Spreading Dogbane) : Analgesic (f; DEM); Anticonvulsant

Spurge SQuaw Vine Mitchella Repens

SPURGE (Chamaesyce hypericifolia (L.) Millsp.) X Synonym : Euphorbia hypericifolia L. Activities (Spurge) : B

SQuill Sea Onion Urginea Maritima

SQUILL, SEA ONION (Urginea maritima (L.) Baker) X Synonyms : Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn, Scilla maritima L., Urginea

SQuirrel Corn Dicentra Canadensis

SQUIRREL-CORN (Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp.) + Synonym : Corydalis canadensis Goldie. Some Europeans (e.

St Johns Wort Hypericum Perforatum

ST. JOHN’S-WORT (Hypericum perforatum L.) ++ (Raised from CRC) Activities (St. John’s-Wort) : Analgesic (1

Star Anise Illicium Verum

STAR ANISE (Illicium verum Hook. f.) ++ (raised from CRC) Activities (Star Anise) : Allergenic (1; LAF); Analgesic (f;

Star Grass Star Of Bethlehem

STAR GRASS (Hypoxis sp.) ++ Synonyms : H. hemerocallidea Fisch. ex C. A. Mey. & Ave-Lall. and H. rooperi T. Moore

Stavesacre Delphinium Staphisagria

STAVESACRE (Delphinium staphisagria L.) X As so often in plants that I describe as too dangerous to take, many of the folk

Stevia Stevia Rebaudiana

STEVIA (Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni) ++ Synonym : Eupatorium rebaudianum Bertoni Activities (Stevia) &

Stonecrop Sedum Acre

STONECROP (Sedum acre L.) ++ Activities (Stonecrop) : Abortifacient (f; HHB); Diuretic (f; MAD); Emetic (f; HHB); Emme

Stoneroot Collinsonia Canadensis

STONEROOT (Collinsonia canadensis L.) ++ Activities (Stoneroot) : Antilithic (f; PH2); Antioxidant (f; FAD); Antispasm

Storax Liquidambar Orientalis Mill

STORAX (Liquidambar orientalis Mill.) ++ Many responsible authors (e.g., HHB & LAF), when covering species of Liquidam

Strawberry Fragaria Vesca

STRAWBERRY (Fragaria vesca L.) +++ Synonym : Fragaria insularis Rydb. Activities (Strawberry) : Alterative

Strawberry Tree Strongbsck

STRAWBERRY TREE (Arbutus unedo L.) + Activities (Strawberry Tree) : Antirheumatic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (f; CRC; EFS);

Strophanthus Climbing Oleander

STROPHANTHUS, CLIMBING OLEANDER (Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill.) X Synonym : Roupellia grata Wall. &am

Suma Hebanthe Eriantha

SUMA (Hebanthe eriantha (Poir.) Pedersen) ++ Synonyms : Gomphrena paniculata (Mart.) Moq., Hebanthe paniculata Mart.,

Sumatra Benzoin Sumbul

SUMATRA BENZOIN (Styrax paralleloneurum Perkins) ++ Few taxonomists know the species of Styrax (as with Boswellia, Commiph

Summer Cypress Summer Snowflake

SUMMER CYPRESS (Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott) ++ Synonyms : Chenopodium scoparia L., Kochia childsii hort., K. sco

Sundew Drosera Ramentacea Sunflower

SUNDEW (Drosera ramentacea) ++ One cannot tell whether the PDR entry refers only to D. ramentacea, or also to D. peltata,

Surinam Cherry Swamp Milkweed

SURINAM-CHERRY (Eugenia uniflora L.) +++ Synonyms : E. brasiliana (L.) Aubl., E. michelii Lam. Activities (Sur

Sweet Annie Annual Wormwood

SWEET ANNIE, ANNUAL WORMWOOD (Artemisia annua L.) ++ Activities (Sweet Annie) : Antibacterial (1; DAA; FAY); Antimalar

Sweet Bay Magnolia Virginiana

SWEET BAY (Magnolia virginiana L.) ++ Synonyms : M. glauca (L.) L., M. virginiana var. australis Sarg. Activit

Sweet Brich Betula Lenta

SWEET BIRCH (Betula lenta L.) ++ Activities (Sweet Birch) : Alterative (f; CEB); Analgesic (1; FAD); Antiinflammatory

Sweet Broom Escobillo

SWEET BROOM, ESCOBILLO (Scoparia dulcis L.) ++ Activities (Sweet Broom) : Abortifacient (f; DAV); Analgesic (1; X18419

Sweet Cicely Sweet Fern

SWEET CICELY (Myrrhis odorata L. Scop.) +++ Activities (Sweet Cicely) : Analgesic (f; PH2); Carminative (1; EFS; FNF;

Sweet Gale Myrica Gale

SWEET GALE (Myrica gale L.) ++ Synonyms : M. gale var. tomentosa C. DC., M. tomentosa (C. DC.) Asch. & Graebn. BR

Sweet Goldenrod Solidago Odora

SWEET GOLDENROD (Solidago odora Aiton) ++ With good reason, many authors have taken a generic approach to Solidago. EFS ag

Sweet Grass Sweet Marjoram

SWEET GRASS, VANILLA GRASS (Hierochloe odorata (L.) P. Beauv.) +++ Synonyms : H. borealis Roem. & Schult., Holcus

Sweet Potato Scented Marigold

SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) +++ Activities (Sweet Potato) : Alterative (f; DAD); Antibacterial (f; DAD);

Sweet Vernal Grass Sword Bean

SWEET VERNAL GRASS (Anthoxanthum odoratum L.) +++ Activities (Sweet Vernal Grass) : Carminative (f; HHB); Emollient (f

Sweet Violet Viola Odorata

SWEET VIOLET (Viola odorata L.) ++ Activities (Sweet Violet) : Acarifuge (1; HH2); Antibacterial (1; WOI); Antiinflamm

Syrian Christ Thorn Syrian Rue

SYRIAN CHRIST-THORN (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.) ++ Synonym : Rhamnus spina-christi L. Activities (Syri

Tall Buttercup Ranunculus Acris

TALL BUTTERCUP (Ranunculus acris L.) + Felter (1898) says, and I agree after spending the day compiling on buttercups (not

Tamarind Tamarindus Indica

TAMARIND (Tamarindus indica L.) +++ Activities (Tamarind) : Analgesic (1; DEP); Antibacterial (1; AAB; APA; TRA); Anti

Tangerine Citrus Reticulata Blanco

TANGERINE (Citrus reticulata Blanco) +++ Synonym : C. nobilis Andrews. Activities (Tangerine) : Antibacter

Tansy Ragwort Senecio Jacobaea

TANSY RAGWORT (Senecio jacobaea L.) X Madaus rightly or wrongly says that S. jacobaea L. and S. vulgaris L. have the same

Tansy Tanacetum Vulgare

TANSY (Tanacetum vulgare L.) ++ Synonyms : Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh., Tanacetum boreale Fisch. ex DC.

Tapioca Manihot Esculenta Crantz

TAPIOCA (Manihot esculenta Crantz) + Synonyms: Jatropha dulcis J. F. Gmel., J. manihot L., Manihot aipi Pohl, M. dulcis (J

Tarragon Artemisia Dracunculus

TARRAGON (Artemisia dracunculus L.) +++ Synonym : A. glauca Pall. ex Willd. Tendencies are to lump A. dranuncu

Teatree Melaleuca Alternifolia

TEATREE (Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel) ++ Australians rarely agree with our taxonomy for teatree. An

Teaweed Temu Lawak

TEAWEED (Sida rhombifolia L.) ++ Activities (Teaweed) : Analgesic (f; DAV); Antibacterial (1; AAB; TRA); Antiinflammat

Thorn Apple Theree Leavet Caper

THORN APPLE (Datura inoxia Mill.) X Activities (Thorn Apple) : Amnesiagenic (f; CRC; WOI); Analgesic (f; CRC; WOI); An

Thuja White Cedar

THUJA, WHITE CEDAR (Thuja occidentalis L.) + Synonyms : T. occidentalis var. fastigiata H. Jaeger, T. occidentalis var

Thyme Thymus Vulgaris

THYME (Thymus vulgaris L.) +++ Activities (Thyme) : Abortifacient (f; CRC); Allergic (1; APA); Analgesic (1; APA; CAN;

Tienchi Panax Pseudoginseng Wall

TIENCHI (Panax pseudoginseng Wall. var. notoginseng (Burkill) G. Hoo & C.J. Tseng) ++ Synonyms : Aralia quinquefol

Tiger Lily Lilium Lancifolium

TIGER LILY (Lilium lancifolium Thunb.) ++ Synonym : L. tigrinum Ker Gawl. MAD features tiger lily, while PH2 c

Tobacco Nicotiana Tabacum

TOBACCO (Nicotiana tabacum L.) X Synonyms : N. chinensis Fisch. ex Lehm., N. tabacum var. macrophylla (Lehm.) Shrank.

Tomato Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill

TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) +++ Activities (Tomato) : Allergenic (f; JFM); Analgesic (f; UPW); Antiatherosc

Tonka Bean Dipteryx Odorata

TONKA BEAN (Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd.) + Synonym : Coumarouna odorata Aubl. Activities (Tonka Bean) : B

Tormentil CinQuefoil Potentilla Erecta

TORMENTIL, CINQUEFOIL (Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch.) ++ Activities (Tormentil) : Antiallergic (1; PH2; PNC); Antiba

Tragacanth Trailing Arbutus

TRAGACANTH (Astragalus gummifer Labill.) +++ Synonym : Astracantha gummifera (Labill.) Podlech. Activities (Tr

Travelers Joy Tree Of Heaven

TRAVELER’S JOY (Clematis vitalba L.) + Activities (Traveler’s Joy) : Depurative (f; EFS); Diaphoretic (f;

Tree Peony Trout Lily

TREE PEONY (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews) + Synonyms : P. arborea Donn, P. moutan Sims. Activities (Tree Peony

Tuliptree Tupa Lobelia Tupa

TULIPTREE (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) + Synonyms : L. tulipfera f. aureo-marginatum (Dippel) Schelle, L. tulipfera f.

Turmeric Curcuma Longa

TURMERIC (Curcuma longa L.) +++ Synonym : C. domestica Valeton. Activities (Turmeric) : Alterative (f; DAD

Unicorn Root Aletris Farinosa

UNICORN ROOT (Aletris farinosa L.) + Activities (Unicorn Root) : Antiinflammatory (1; FAD); Carminative (f; CRC); Diur

Upland Cotton Gossypium Hirsutum

UPLAND COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum L.) + Synonyms : G. hirsutum subsp. latifolium (Murray) Roberty, G. hirsutum var. pu

Usnea Uzara Xysmalobium Undulatum

USNEA (Usnea spp.) ++ Activities (Usnea) : Analgesic (1; BGB); Antibacterial (1; FNF; WAM); Antiinflammatory (1; FNF);

Valerian Valeriana Officinalis

VALERIAN (Valeriana officinalis L.) +++ Activities (Valerian) : Analgesic (f; CAN; CRC; MAD; PED; WHO); Antibacterial

Vanilla Vanilla Planifolia Jacks

VANILLA (Vanilla planifolia Jacks.) +++ Synonyms : Myrobroma fragrans Salisb., Vanilla fragrans auct. Activiti

Velvetleaf Cissampelos Pareira

VELVETLEAF (Cissampelos pareira L.) + Activities (Velvetleaf) : Alexeteric (f; DEP; KAB); Analgesic (1; DAV; GMJ; KAB)

Venüs Flytrap Vetiver Khus Khus

VENUS FLYTRAP (Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis) ++ Activities (Venus Flytrap) : Antilymphomic (f; PH2); Antineoplastic (1;

Vervain Verbena Officinalis

VERVAIN (Verbena officinalis L.) ++ Activities (Vervain) : Adaptogen (f; FAD); Analgesic (1; APA; CRC; PH2; WAM); Anti

Virginia Creeper Virility Vine

VIRGINIA-CREEPER, AMERICAN IVY (Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.) + Activities (Virginia-Creeper) : Allergenic

Wafer Ash Ptelea Trifoliata

WAFER ASH (Ptelea trifoliata L.) + Activities (Wafer Ash) : Antibacterial (1; HHB; PH2); Antiperiodic (f; EFS); Antipy

Waho Euonymus Atropurpureus Jacq

WAHOO (Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq.) X (downgraded from CRC) Rightly or wrongly, European authors (EFS and PH2) tend to ag

Wall Germander Teucrium Chamaedrys

WALL GERMANDER (Teucrium chamaedrys L.) XXX Activities (Wall Germander) : Antirheumatic (f; PNC); Antiseptic (1; PNC;

Wallflower Erysimum Cheiri

WALLFLOWER (Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz) X Synonym : Cheiranthus cheiri L. Activities (Wallflower) : Analg

Wasabi Water Avens

WASABI, JAPANESE HORSERADISH (Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsum.) +++ Synonyms : Cochlearia wasabi Siebold, Eutrema japon

Water Dock Water Dropwort

WATER DOCK (Rumex aquaticus L.) ++ Activities (Water Dock) : Alterative (f; EFS; PNC); Analgesic (f; DEM); Antiaggrega

Water Fennel Oenanthe Aquatica

WATER FENNEL (Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir.) X Synonym : Oenanthe phellandrium Lam. Activities (Water Fennel) :

Water Germander Teucrium Scordium

WATER GERMANDER ( Teucrium scordiumL.) + Activities (Water Germander) : Alterative (f; EFS); Antidote (f; GMH); Antiin

Water Hemlock Cicuta Maculata

WATER HEMLOCK (Cicuta maculata L.) X Activities (Water Hemlock) : Cardiotoxic (1; CRC); Contraceptive (f; CRC); Convul

Water Mint Mentha Aquatica

WATER MINT (Mentha aquatica L.) +++ Synonym : M. palustris Mill. Called Wild Mint in PH2. Activities (Wate

Watercress Nasturtium Officinale

WATERCRESS (Nasturtium officinale R. Brown) ++ Synonyms : N. nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) H. Karst., Radicula nasturtium

Waterlily Nymphaea Odorata Aiton

WATERLILY (Nymphaea odorata Aiton) ++ Synonyms : N. maximiliani Lehm., N. rosea Raf. Activities (Waterlily) :

Watermelon Citrullus Lanatus

WATERMELON (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) +++ Activities (Watermelon) : Anticancer (1; FNF); Antioxi

Waxtree Japanese Western Gromwell

WAXTREE, JAPANESE WAXTREE (Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) Kuntze) X Synonym : Rhus succedanea L. Activities (W

Wheat Triticum Aestivum

WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) +++ Activities (Wheat) : Antialcoholic (f; BIB); Antibilious (f; BIB); Antiseptic (f; BIB

White Brich White Cohosh Baneberry

WHITE BIRCH (Betula papyrifera Marshall) ++ Synonyms : B. excelsa Aiton, B. lyalliana Koehne, B. papyrifera var. commu

White Bryony Bryonia Alba

WHITE BRYONY (Bryonia alba L.) X Activities (White Bryony) : Abortifacient (f; HAD); Antitumor (1; PH2); Cytotoxic (1;

White Deadnettle Lamium Album

WHITE DEADNETTLE (Lamium album L.) +++ Activities (White Deadnettle) : Astringent (1; EFS; HHB; PH2; PNC); Cholagogue

White Hellebore Veratrum Album

WHITE HELLEBORE (Veratrum album L.) X Synonym : V. lobelianum Bernh. Activities (White Hellebore) : Analep

White Horehound Marrubium Vulgare

WHITE HOREHOUND (Marrubium vulgare L.) ++ Activities (White Horehound) : Alterative (f; EFS); Anti-5-Hydroxytryptophan

White Lily Madonna Lily

WHITE LILY, MADONNA LILY (Lilium candidum L.) + MAD does not cover L. candidum, instead featuring tiger lily and under tha

White Mulberry Morus Alba

WHITE MULBERRY (Morus alba L.) +++ Synonyms : M. alba f. tatarica Ser., M. alba var. constantinopolitana Loudon, M. al

White Mustard Sinapis Alba

WHITE MUSTARD (Sinapis alba L. ssp. alba) ++ Synonyms : Brassica alba (L.) Rabenh., B. hirta Moench, Sinapis alba cv.

White Pine Pinus Strobus

WHITE PINE (Pinus strobus L.) + Synonym : P. strobus f. prostrata (Rehder ex Beissner) Fernald & Weath. Ac

White Spruce Fir Picea Abies

WHITE SPRUCE, FIR (Picea abies (L.) H. Karsten) ++ The data, like the species, are terribly confused: Abies alba Mill.

White Willow Salix Alba

WHITE WILLOW (Salix alba L.) ++ Synonyms : S. alba f. chermesina (Hartig) Rehder, S. alba var. britzensis Späth.

Wild Cherry Prunus Serotina

WILD CHERRY (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) ++ CEB and FEL treat it with the closely related P. virginiana L. Activities (

Wild Dagga Leonotis Leonurus

WILD DAGGA (Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br.) ++ Synonym : Phlomis leonurus L. Activities (Wild Dagga) : Anal

Wild Germander Wild Radish

WILD GERMANDER (Teucrium canadense L.) + Activities (Wild Germander) : Antiseptic (f; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; FAD); Diur

Wild Indigo Baptisia Tinctoria

WILD INDIGO (Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br) + Synonym : Sophora tinctoria L. Activities (Wild Indigo) : An

Wild Lettuce Lactuca Virosa

WILD LETTUCE (Lactuca virosa L.) ++ Activities (Wild Lettuce) : Allergenic (1; CAN); Analgesic (1; APA; CRC; FAD; PHR;

Wild Mint Biblical Mint

WILD MINT, BIBLICAL MINT (Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.) +++ PH2 uses English Horsemint as the common name for this one. B

Wild Sage Lantana Camara

WILD SAGE (Lantana camara L.) + Synonyms : L. aculeata L., L. camara var. nivea (Vent.) L. H. Bailey, L. hybrida hort.

Wild Sarsaparilla Wild Servicetree

WILD SARSAPARILLA (Aralia nudicaulis L.) ++ Activities (Wild Sarsparilla) : Aphrodisiac (f; DEM); Depurative (f; DEM);

Wild Strawberry Wild Sunflower

WILD STRAWBERRY (Fragaria virginiana Mill.) +++ Activities (Wild Strawberry) : Abortifacient (f; DEM); Analgesic (f; D

Wild Teasel Wild Turnip

WILD TEASEL (Dipsacus fullonum L.) ++ Synonym : Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Activities (Wild Teasel) : Diaph

Wild Yam Dioscorea Villosa

WILD YAM (Dioscorea villosa L.) ++ Synonyms : D. hirticaulis Bartlett, D. villosa var. hirticaulis (Bartlett) H. E. Ah

Winged Bean Asparagus Pea

WINGED BEAN, ASPARAGUS PEA (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) ++ Synonyms : Botor tetragonolobus (L.) Kuntze, Doli

Winged Prickly Ash Zanthoxylum Armatum

WINGED PRICKLY-ASH (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) ++ Synonyms : Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb., Zanthoxylum planispinum Siebold &a

Winter Cherry Chinese Lantern

WINTER CHERRY, CHINESE LANTERN (Physalis alkekengi L.) + PH2 muddies the issue by listing Cape Gooseberry as another commo

Wintergreen Gaultheria Procumbens

WINTERGREEN (Gaultheria procumbens L.) ++ Activities (Wintergreen) : Allergenic (1; PH2); Analgesic (1; CRC; FAD); Ant

Winters Bark Drimys Winteri

WINTER’S-BARK (Drimys winteri J.R. & G. Forst.) + Synonyms : D. chilensis DC., D. winteri var. chilensis (DC

Witch Hazel Hamamelis Virginiana

WITCH HAZEL (Hamamelis virginiana L.) ++ Activities (Witch Hazel) : Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (1; DEM; MAB); Anti

Wolfberry Wood Anemone

WOLFBERRY (Lycium chinense Mill.) ++ Chinese Wolfberry (Note : according to Foster and Yue, the Chinese use L. barbaru

Wood Betony Stachys Officinalis

WOOD BETONY (Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis.) ++ Synonyms : Betonica officinalis L., Stachys betonica Benth.

Wood Ear Mu Ehr

WOOD EAR, MU EHR (Auricularia spp.) ++ Activities (Wood Ear) : Allergenic (1; HOB); Analgesic (f; HOB); Antiaging (1;

Wood Rose Argyreia Nervosa

WOOD ROSE (Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer) + Synonyms : A. speciosa (L. f.) Sweet, Convolvulus nervosus Burm. f., C

Wood Sage Teucrium Scorodonia

WOOD SAGE (Teucrium scorodonia L.) + Activities (Wood Sage) : Alterative (f; EFS); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antiscorbutic

Wood Sorrel Oxalis Acetosella

WOOD SORREL (Oxalis acetosella L.) ++ Activities (Wood Sorrel) : Antidote, arsenic (f; HHB); Antidote, quicksilver (f;

Woodruff Galium Odoratum

WOODRUFF (Galium odoratum (L.) Scop.) + Synonym : Asperula odorata L. Activities (Woodruff) : Antiaggregan

Wooly Digitalis Wooly Foxglove

WOOLY DIGITALIS, WOOLY FOXGLOVE (Digitalis lanata Ehrh.) X Activities (Wooly Digitalis) : Antidote (f; CRC); Cardioton

Wormgrass Woundwort Stachys Palustris

WORMGRASS (Spigelia anthelmia L.) X The Herbal PDR mentions wormwood grass as a selected common name; bad selection; earli

Wormseed Chenopodium Ambrosioides

WORMSEED (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.) + Synonyms : C. ambrosioides var. anthelminticum (L.) A. Gray, C. anthelminticu

Wormwood Artemisia Absinthium

WORMWOOD (Artemisia absinthium L.) + Activities (Wormwood) : Abortifacient (f; CRC); Analgesic (f; PNC); Antibacterial

Yarrow Milfoil Achillea Millefolium

YARROW, MILFOIL (Achillea millefolium L.) ++ Synonyms : A. borealis Bong., A. lanulosa Nutt., A. magna auct., A. mille

Yaupon Ilex Vomitoria Sol

YAUPON (Ilex vomitoria Sol. ex Aiton) + Activities (Yaupon) : Depurative (f; FAD); Diuretic (f; HHB); Emetic (1; DEM;

Yellow Dock Rumex Crispus

YELLOW DOCK (Rumex crispus L.) ++ HHB mixes, appropriately methinks, R. crispus L. and R. obtusifolius L. Activiti

Yellow Jessamine Gelsemium Sempervirens

YELLOW JESSAMINE (Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J. St.-Hil.) X Synonym : Bignonia sempervirens L. Activities (Ye

Yellow Lupine Yellowroot

YELLOW LUPINE (Lupinus luteus L.) + (X for non-cultivars) Activities (Yellow Lupine) : Anesthetic (1; HHB); Arrhythmog

Yellow Sweet Clover

YELLOW SWEET CLOVER (Melilotus officinalis Lam.) ++ Synonyms : M. arvensis Wallr., M. officinalis var. micranthus O. E

Yellow Toadflax Butter And Eggs

YELLOW TOADFLAX, BUTTER AND EGGS (Linaria vulgaris Mill.) + Activities (Yellow Toadflax) : Antiinflammatory (1; PH2);

Yerba Mansa Anemopsis Californica

YERBA MANSA (Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn.) + Synonym : Anemia californica Nutt. Activities (

Yerba Santa Eriodictyon Californicum

YERBA SANTA (Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torr.) ++ Activities (Yerba Santa) : Antiasthmatic (f; PH2);

Yew Taxus Sp

YEW (Taxus sp.) X PHR treats the European yew, Taxus baccata L.; APA treats the Western Yew, Taxus brevifolia Nutt.; DEM t

Yohimbe Pausinystalia Johimbe

YOHIMBE (Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille) + Synonym :  Corynanthe johimbe K. Schum. Ac

Yoko Paullinia Yoko Yucca

YOKO (Paullinia yoko R. E. Schult. & Killip) ++ Activities (Yoko) : Anorectic (f; CRC); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Anti

Zedoary Curcuma Zedoaria

ZEDOARY (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe) +++ Synonym: Amomum zedoaria Christm. Activities (Zedoary) :