Abdomen Ultrasound Contrast AgentsULTRASOUND CONTRAST AGENTS IN THE ABDOMEN Ultrasound contrast media have been well established for cardiac imaging since the 19
Abdomina Trauma Diagnostic RadiologyABDOMINAL TRAUMA Blunt or penetrating trauma to the torso, frequently due to
a road traffic accident (RTA) or other forms of
Abdominal Aorta Aortic AneurysmTHE ABDOMINAL AORTA The abdominal aorta can be visualized proximally in
the midline, posterior to the left lobe of the liver.
Abdominal Diagnostic Ultrasound ScanAbdominal ultrasound (abdominal diagnostic ultrasound
scan) Definition Abdominal ultrasound uses high frequency sound wave
Abdominal Ultrasound Image Optimizationabdominal ultrasound image optimization : Misinterpretation of ultrasound images is a significant risk in ultrasound diagnosis.
Acute Abdomen Radiological Imagingacute abdomen radiological imaging : Ultrasound has an increasingly important
role in the initial evaluation of the acute abdome
Acute Cholecystitis Chronic CholecystitisINFLAMMATORY GALLBLADDER DISEASE Cholecystitis is usually associated with
gallstones; the frictional action of stones on the
Acute Pancreatitis UltrasoundAcute pancreatitis - clinical features Acute inflammation of the pancreas has a number of possible causes, but is most commonly
Adrenal Glands Diagnostic ImagingADRENAL GLANDS Normal appearances In utero and postnatally, the adrenal glands are large, about one-third the size of the ki
Adrenal Glands Pathology ScanningTHE ADRENAL GLANDS Normal appearances The normal adrenal glands can be
seen on ultrasound in the vast majority of patients
Appendicitis Ultrasound DiagnosisAppendicitis Ultrasound is the first line of investigation for the child
presenting with acute abdominal pain, where the diag
Appendix Acute AppendicitisAppendix Acute appendicitis is a common
diagnosis on admission to the
casualty department with right lower abdominal pain. Ho
Benign Focal Renal TumorsBENIGN FOCAL RENAL TUMOURS - Angiomyolipoma This is a homogeneous, highly
echogenic, usually rounded lesion in the renal pare
Bile Ducts Diagnostic UltrasoundBILE DUCTS ULTRASOUND The common duct can be easily demonstrated in its intrahepatic portion just anterior and slightly to the
Biliary Stasis Haemobilia PneumobiliaECHOGENIC BILE Biliary stasis Fine echoes in the bile within the
gallbladder are not uncommon on an ultrasound scan. This
Budd–Chiari Syndrome DiagnosisBudd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) Budd–Chiari syndrome is the name given to the symptoms associated with partial or comple
Carolis Disease Clinical RadiologyCarolis disease (congenital intrahepatic biliary dilatation) This is a rare, congenital condition in which the bile ducts are i
Cholangiocarcinoma Imaging ManagementCholangiocarcinoma This is a malignant lesion arising in the wall of the bile
duct. It is obviously easier to recognize from
Choledochal Cysts CholangitisCholedochal cysts : Most commonly found in children, this is associated with
biliary atresia, in which the distal ‘blin
Choledochal Cysts RadiologyCholedochal cyst Choledochal cysts are congenital dilations of the biliary tree that may present at any age, and can be diagnos
Choledocholithiasis GallstonesCholedocholithiasis : Stones may pass from the gallbladder into the common duct, or may develop de novo within the common duct. St
Cholelithiasis Ultrasound ImagingCHOLELITHIASIS The most commonly and reliably identified gallbladder pathology is that of gallstones. More than 10% of the popu
Chronic Pancreatitis UltrasoundChronic pancreatitis Patients with acute pancreatitis are at risk of repeated inflammatory episodes which eventually develop in
Cystic Fibrosis DiagnosisCystic fibrosis (CF) is a common, autosomal recessive multisystem disease. The main organs affected are the lungs, liver and pancr
Cystic Fibrosis Ultrasound ImagingCystic fibrosis, one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities, has historically been associated with the paediatric population
Diffuse Rena Disease Renal FailureDIFFUSE RENAL DISEASE AND RENAL FAILURE Most diffuse
medical renal
conditions have non-specific appearances on ultrasound, th
Endoscopic Ultrasound Imagingendoscopic ultrasound imaging : Some of the limitations of conventional
ultrasonography in biliary and pancreatic imaging can
Fatty Liver Disease ImagingFocal fatty change - Focal fatty infiltration - fatty liver disease imaging Fatty infiltration of the liver is a common occurre
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia GranulomataFocal nodular hyperplasia This is a benign tumour made up of a proliferation
of liver cells with hepatocytes, Kupffer cells a
Gallbladder Ultrasound ScanningTHE GALLBLADDER ULTRASOUND The normal gallbladder is best visualized after fasting, to distend it. It should have a hyperechoic
Gastrointestinal Diagnostic RadiologyGASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT Contrast radiographic investigations,
including CT, are generally accepted as the methods of choi
Gastrointestinal Emergencies ImagingGASTROINTESTINAL EMERGENCIES Appendicitis, and its possible complications, is one of the most common reasons for referral. Ultr
Haemangioendothelioma ScanningHaemangioendothelioma Vascular tumours account for most benign liver tumours in childhood, with haemangioendotheliomas being se
Hepatic Abscesses UltrasoundAbscesses - Clinical features of an abscess Patients present with fever, often accompanied by right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain a
Hepatic Adenoma Hepatic CalcificationAdenoma The hepatic adenoma is a benign focal lesion consisting of a cluster
of atypical liver cells. Within this, there may
Hepatitis Diagnosis Diagnostic RadiologyHepatitis - Viral hepatitis Acute viral hepatitis may be caused by one of several viruses: A, B, C, D or E. The viruses which c
Hepatobiliary Emergencies UltrasoundHEPATOBILIARY EMERGENCIES Ultrasound scanning is invariably the first-line
investigation for suspected biliary tract emergenc
Hepatobiliary Ultrasound Referral PatternsREFERRAL PATTERNS FOR HEPATOBILIARY ULTRASOUND There is an almost infinite
number of reasons for performing abdominal ultraso
Hepatoblastoma Hepatocellular CarcinomaHepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Primary malignant tumours of the liver are comparatively rare in children and
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ImagingHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) This primary carcinoma of the liver is more
common in Africa and the Far East than in the UK.
Hyperplastic Gallbladder Wall ImagingHYPERPLASTIC CONDITIONS OF THE GALLBLADDER WALL Adenomyomatosis This is
a non-inflammatory, hyperplastic condition which c
Hypertrophic Pyloric StenosisHypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) HPS is a condition occurring in newborn infants commonly about 6 weeks of age when the pylo
Imaging Of Malignant Renal MassesMALIGNANT RENAL TRACT MASSES Imaging of malignant renal
masses Ultrasound, as one of the first-line investigations in pati
Inferior Vena Cava UltrasoundTHE INFERIOR VENA CAVA (IVC) Ultrasound is highly successful in
demonstrating the proximal IVC, by using the liver as an acou
Inflammatory Bowel ConditionsInflammatory bowel conditions Both barium studies and ultrasound have a useful role to play in the management of patients with
Intraoperative Ultrasound ImagingINTRAOPERATIVE ULTRASOUND (IOUS) IOUS is increasingly used in the abdomen,
in both the
diagnosis and
treatment of lesions. It
Intussusception Enteric Duplication CystsIntussusception Intussusception is the invagination of a segment of bowel into the lumen of the adjacent bowel. It is a common
Kidney Biopsy Renal Transplant BiopsyNative kidney biopsy Histology is frequently required in order to direct further management of diffuse renal disease. Biopsy of
Laparoscopic Ultrasound ImagingLAPAROSCOPIC ULTRASOUND Dedicated laparoscopic ultrasound probes may be passed through the laparoscopic port during surgical pr
Liver Cirrhosis Biliary CirrhosisCirrhosis is a process associated with end-stage chronic liver disease and is
not really a disease in itself. It can result from
Liver Conditions In PregnancyLiver conditions in pregnancy - Acute fatty liver This rare condition
occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute fatty
Liver Cysts Hydatid Echinococcal CystBENIGN FOCAL LIVER LESIONS Simple cysts One of the most frequently seen
liver lesions, the simple cyst, is either congenit
Liver Haematoma HaemangiomaHaematoma The liver haematoma may have similar acoustic appearances to those of an abscess, but does not share the same clinica
Liver TransplantationLIVER TRANSPLANTS - Indications for transplant Liver transplantation has now
become a successful
treatment for many chronic l
Liver Transplantation Postoperativeliver transplantation postoperative assessment Ultrasound plays a key role in the postoperative monitoring of liver transplant
Liver Ultrasound Hepatic Vasculatureliver ultrasound - hepatic vasculature The portal veins radiate from the
porta hepatis, where the main portal vein (MPV) ente
Liver Ultrasound Normal AppearanceThe liver ultrasound - normal appearance The liver is a homogeneous, mid-grey organ on ultrasound. It has the same, or slightly
Lymphomas Ultrasound ManagementLymphoma is the most common malignant disease affecting the spleen. Lymphomas
comprise a number of diseases, all malignant, whic
Magnetic Resonance Imaging MriMagnetic resonance imaging Definition Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a unique and versatile
medical imaging diagnosti
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Proceduremagnetic resonance imaging procedure Regardless of the type of MRI planned, or area of the body targeted, the procedure involv
Malignant Focal Liver LesionsMALIGNANT FOCAL LIVER LESIONS - The ‘mass effect’ This term describes the effect of a focal mass, whether benign or
Mammography MammogramMammography Definition Mammography is the study of the breast using x rays. The actual test is called a mammogram. It is a
Mesenteric Ischaemia Ultrasound SignsMesenteric ischaemia is a potentially lethal condition, associated with atherosclerosis of the mesenteric vessels, which can cause
Midgut Volvulus MalrotationMidgut volvulus Malrotation of the midgut occurs as a result of failure of
normal rotation of the small bowel during intraute
Mirizzi Syndrome Gallbladder EnlargementMirizzi syndrome is a rare cause of biliary obstruction in which the cystic duct is obstructed by a stone, which in combination wi
Multicystic Dysplastic KidneyMulticystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) The MCDK is generally the result of complete, early ureteric obstruction in utero before 1
Multiple Gated Acquisition Scan MUGAMultiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan Definition : The multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan, also called a cardiac blood po
Myelography Spinal CanalMyelography Definition : Myelography is an x-ray examination of the spinal canal. A contrast agent is injected through a needl
Neonatal Hepatitis Biliary AtresiaNeonatal cholestasis and biliary atresia Neonatal hepatitis and biliary atresia are the most common causes of neonatal cholesta
Non-dilated Renal ObstructionNon-dilated renal obstruction Obstruction may occasionally be present in the
acute stages before renal dilatation is apparent
Obstructive Jaundice Biliary Duct DilatationOBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE AND BILIARY DUCT DILATATION Dilatation of all or part of
the biliary tree is usually the result of proxi
Obstructive Uropathy Pcs DilatationPELVICALYCEAL SYSTEM DILATATION AND OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY Not all PCS
dilatation, i.e. hydronephrosis, is pathological, or ind
Paediatric Abdomen UltrasoundUltrasound of the paediatric abdomen requires different techniques and skills
from those used in the adult. Although there are a
Paediatric Pancreatic AbnormalitiesPANCREAS - Normal appearances The acoustic characteristics of the pancreas vary with age. Pancreatic echogenicity is quite vari
Pancreas Transplantation Ultrasound PANCREATIC TRANSPLANT In patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with end-stage renal disease, simultaneous pancreat
Pancreas Ultrasound TechniquesPANCREAS - Ultrasound techniques Because the pancreas lies posterior to the stomach and duodenum, a variety of techniques must
Pancreatic Biopsy Cancer Researchpancreatic biopsy cancer research : The commonest reason for biopsy of the
pancreas is in patients presenting with obstructiv
Pancreatic Carcinoma Clinical Radiologypancreatic carcinoma clinical features and management Carcinoma of the
pancreas is a major cause of cancer-related death. It
Pelvic Ultrasoundelvic ultrasound is a procedure in which high-frequency sound waves create images of the pelvic organs. The sound waves are projec
Percutaneous Liver Biopsy Procedurepercutaneous liver biopsy procedure : The most common reason for
ultrasound-guided biopsy is for suspected metastatic disease
Percutaneous Treatment Of Hepatic TumorsTHE TREATMENT OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY HEPATIC TUMOURS BY PERCUTANEOUS
METHODS In patients with colorectal carcinoma the pres
Portal Hypertension Diagnostic RadiologyPortal hypertension occurs when the pressure in the portal venous system is raised. This may happen as a result of chronic liver d
Positron Emission Tomography PETPositron emission tomography (PET) is a non-invasive scanning technique that utilizes small amounts of radioactive positrons (posi
Primary Gallbladder CarcinomaPrimary gallbladder carcinoma Cancer of the gallbladder is usually associated
with gallstones and a history of cholecystitis.
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis UltrasoundPrimary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) PSC is a chronic hepatobiliary disease in which the walls of the bile ducts become inflame
Renal Artery Stenosis UltrasoundRenal artery stenosis (RAS) Stenosis of the renal artery is due to
atrerosclerotic disease in the vast majority of patients,
Renal Cysts Cystic Disease UltrasoundRENAL CYSTS AND CYSTIC DISEASE - Cysts The most common renal mass is a simple cyst which can be found in up to 50% of the popul
Renal Dilatation Diagnostic RadiologyRenal dilatation Hydronephrosis is frequently detected antenatally, although
the cause may be difficult to demonstrate. Dilat
Renal Emergencies Ultrasound ScanningRENAL TRACT EMERGENCIES Ultrasound is usually the firstline investigation
in the assessment of acute loin pain, which in the
Renal Medical ImagingUltrasound is the first line of investigation in both antenatally detected abnormalities and in symptomatic children. ● T
Renal Tract Stones UltrasoundRENAL TRACT CALCIFICATON Calcification within the kidney usually occurs in the form of stones. Smaller foci of calcium, which d
Renal Transplantation ComplicationsPostoperative complications Ultrasound has an essential role in assessing the transplant and makes a significant contribution t
Renal Transplantation UltrasoundRENAL TRANSPLANTS Although there are a number of
treatment choices for
patients with renal failure including peritoneal and h
Renal Ultrasound Kidneys Renal TractTHE NORMAL RENAL TRACT Ultrasound technique The right kidney is readily
demonstrated through the right lobe of the liver.
Renal Variants Diagnostic RadiologyDuplex kidneys These occur in a spectrum of degrees, from two separate organs
with separate collecting systems and duplex ure
Renal Vein Thrombosis DopplerRenal vein thrombosis This can occur when chronic renal disease is already present or in cases of a coagulation disorder with i
Safety Of Diagnostic UltrasoundSAFETY OF DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND : Within the field of clinical diagnostic ultrasound, it is currently accepted that there is insuf
Skull X RaysSkull x rays are performed to examine the nose, sinuses, and facial bones. These studies may also be referred to as sinus x rays.
Small Porcelain Gallbladder ImagingTHE CONTRACTED OR SMALL GALLBLADDER Postprandial The most likely cause is physiological and due to inadequate preparation. T
Spleen Ultrasound Techniquespleen ultrasound technique : The spleen normally lies posterior to the splenic
flexure and stomach, making an anterior approach
Splenic Cysts Haemangioma AbscessesBENIGN SPLENIC CONDITIONS Many benign focal lesions which occur in the
spleen are of similar nature and ultrasound appearance
Splenomegaly Splenunculi ScanningSplenomegaly Enlargement of the spleen is a highly non-specific sign
associated with numerous conditions, the most common bei
Steatosis Fatty Infiltration LiverDIFFUSE LIVER CONDITIONS Diseases which diffusely affect the liver may
have very non-specific ultrasound appearances. Suspici
Ultrasound Guided BiopsyULTRASOUND-GUIDED BIOPSY: Percutaneous biopsy of organs, masses or focal visceral lesions is an integral part of the diagnostic
Ultrasound Guided Biopsy ComplicationsComplications of ultrasound-guided biopsy Postprocedure complications such
as haematoma requiring blood transfusion and traum
Ultrasound Guided Biopsy Methodsultrasound guided biopsy methods - Blind biopsy With this method a
position on the skin surface is marked overlying the organ
Ultrasound Guided DrainageULTRASOUND-GUIDED DRAINAGE Many fluid collections are the result of
surgical intervention and often cannot be differentiated
Upper Abdominal Ultrasound Scanningupper abdominal ultrasound scanning technique is not something that can be learnt from a book. There is absolutely no substit
Urinary Tract Infections ImagingRENAL TRACT INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION The most common urinary tract
infections are bacterial in origin, with viral and funga
Use Of Doppler Ultrasound ScanningThe use of Doppler ultrasound is an integral part of the examination and should not be considered as a separate entity. Many patho
Vascular Abnormalities Of The SpleenVascular abnormalities of the spleen Splenic infarct Splenic infarction
is most commonly associated with endocarditis, sic
Vesicoureteric Reflux DiagnosisVesicoureteric reflux Vesicoureteric reflux, the retrograde passage of urine from the bladder up the ureter and into the kidney
Wilms Tumour Ultrasound DiagnosisWilms’ tumour The most common paediatric renal malignancy, Wilms’ tumour usually presents before the age of 3 years