Acquired renal cystic disease (ARCD) Cystic degenerative disease of the kidney with cysts visualized on CT scan. By definitio

Acute Pyelonephritis

Acute pyelonephritis A clinical diagnosis based on the presence of fever, flank pain, and tenderness, often with an elevated

Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease

Autosomal dominant (adult) polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) Definition Autosomal dominant inherited disorder leading to t

Anterior Urethral Injuries

Anterior urethral injuries : These injuries are uncommon. History and examination The patient usually presents with diffic

Artificial Urinary Sphincter

incontinence the artificial urinary sphincter The artificial urinary sphincter (AUS; AMS800â„¢) consists of an inflatable

Benign Renal Masses

Benign renal masses The most common (70%) are simple cysts, present in >50% of >50-year-olds. Rarely symptomatic, treat

Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer: epidemiology and aetiology Bladder cancer is the second most common urological malignancy, accounting for 497

Bladder Cancer Presentation Staging

Bladder cancer: presentation Symptoms - The most common presenting symptom (85% of cases) is painless total haematuria. Th

Bladder Injuries

Bladder injuries Situations in which the bladder may be injured TURBT , cystoscopic bladder biopsy, TURP, cystolitholapaxy

Bladder Stones

Bladder stones - Composition Struvite (i.e. they are infection stones) or uric acid (in non-infected urine). Adults BR

Chronic Pyelonephritis

Chronic pyelonephritis This is a confusing term. It can be a radiological or pathological diagnosis or description. The appeara

Cystic Kidney Disease

Cystic kidney disease Congenital cystic kidney disease can be classified into genetic and non-genetic types. Genetic - Au

Cystic Renal Disease

Cystic renal disease: simple cysts Simple cysts are single or multiple renal  masses  ranging from a few to many ce

Epididymitis Orchitis

Epididymitis and orchitis This is an inflammatory condition of the epididymis, often involving the testis, and caused by bact

Erection Ejaculation

erection and ejaculation Innervation Autonomic: sympathetic nerves originating from T11-L2, and parasympathetic nerves ori

Extracorporeal Lithotripsy ESWL

Stone fragmentation techniques: extracorporeal lithotripsy (ESWL) The technique of focusing externally generated shock waves

Flexible Ureteroscopy Laser Treatment

Kidney stone treatment: flexible ureteroscopy and laser treatment The development of small-calibre ureteroscopes with active de

Fourniers Gangrene

Fournier's gangrene A necrotizing fascitis of the genitalia and perineum primarily affecting males and causing necrosis and sub

Genitourinary Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB predominantly affects Asian popula

Hematuria Haematuria

Hematuria : the presence of blood in the urine. Macroscopic? (gross) hematuria: the patient has seen blood. Microscopic or

Hemospermia Haemospermia

Hemospermia - Definition : the presence of blood in the semen. Usually intermittent, benign, self-limiting and no cause ident

Hydronephrosis Hydroureteronephrosis

Hydronephrosis : Dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces. When combined with dilatation of the ureters known as hydroureteronep

Impotence Evaluation

Impotence: evaluation Definition Impotence (also called erectile dysfunction or ED) describes the persistent inability to ac

Impotence Treatment

Impotence treatment Psychosexual therapy : Aims to understand and address underlying psychological issues, and provides info

Incontinence In The Elderly Patient

Incontinence in the elderly patient Prevalence UI increases markedly with advancing age affecting 10 - 20% of women and 7 -

Interstitial Cystitis

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a refractory bladder disorder of unknown aetiology. Patients suffer chronic urinary frequency, noc

Kidney Stones

Kidney stones: epidemiology ~10% of Caucasian men will develop a kidney stone by the age of 70. Within 1 year of a calcium ox

Kidney Stones Medical Therapy

Kidney stones: medical therapy (dissolution therapy) Uric acid and cystine stones are potentially suitable for dissolution th

Kidney Stones Surgery

Kidney stones: open stone surgery Indications - Complex stone burden (projection of stone into multiple calyces, such that

Kidney Transplant Diagnosis Preparation

Diagnosis / Preparation Patients with chronic renal disease who need a transplant and do not have a living donor registered

Kidney Transplant Operation

Kidney transplant Definition Kidney transplantation is a surgical procedure to remove a healthy, functioning kidney from a

Lithotripsy Kidney Stones

Lithotripsy Definition Lithotripsy is the use of high-energy shock waves to fragment and disintegrate kidney stones. The s

Loin Flank Pain

Loin (flank) pain : This can present suddenly as severe pain in the flank reaching a peak within minutes or hours (acute loin pain

Lower Urinary Tract Infection

Lower urinary tract infection - Cystitis : infection and/or inflammation of the bladder. Presentation: frequent voiding of

Male Infertility

male infertility Definition of infertility Failure of conception after at least 12 months of unprotected intercourse. The ch

Malignant Ureteric Obstruction

Malignant ureteric obstruction Locally advanced prostate cancer, bladder or ureteric cancer may cause unilateral or bilateral

Medical Management Of BPH

Medical management of BPH: alpha blockers The rationale for  α  blocker therapy in BPH As described earlier,

Medullary Sponge Kidney

medullary sponge kidney (MSK) - Definition A cystic condition of the kidneys characterized by dilatation of the distal collecti

Mixed Incontinence

Mixed  incontinence - Definition Involuntary urinary leakage associated with urgency, and also with exertion, effort, snee

Needle Bladder Neck Suspension

Needle bladder neck suspension Definition Needle bladder neck suspension, also known as needle suspension, or paravaginal

Nephrectomy Nephroureterectomy

Nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy - Indications : - renal cell cancer - non-functioning kidney containing a staghorn calc

Nephrectomy Surgical Removal Of Kidney

Nephrectomy Definition : A nephrectomy is a surgical procedure for the removal of a kidney or section of a kidney. Pur

Nephrostomy Kidney

Nephrostomy Definition : A nephrostomy is a surgical procedure by which a tube, stent, or catheter is inserted through the ski

Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma : The most common extracranial solid tumour of childhood. 80% are diagnosed <4 years old. The tumour is of neural

Nocturia Nocturnal Polyuria

Nocturia and nocturnal polyuria : Nocturia  is common and bothersome (sleep disturbance). Prevalence of nocturia : men

Oligospermia Azoospermia

Oligospermia and azoospermia Oligospermia Defined as a sperm concentration of less than 20 million/ml of ejaculate. BR

Open Prostatectomy

Open prostatectomy Definition : Open prostatectomy is a procedure for removal of an enlarged prostate gland. Purpose

Open Prostatectomy Retropubic Suprapubic

open prostatectomy - description Open prostatectomy can be performed by either the retropubic or suprapubic approach. The pref

Orchidectomy

Orchidectomy - Indications : Two types radical orchidectomy and simple orchidectomy. Radical (inguinal) orchidectomy

Orchiectomy Surgical Removal Of Testes

orchiectomy surgical removal of testicles - diagnosis / preparation Diagnosis CANCER. The doctor may suspect that a pa

Orchiectomy Surgical Removal Of Testicles

Orchiectomy Definition : Orchiectomy is the surgical removal of one or both testicles, or testes, in the human male. It is als

Overactive Bladder

Overactive bladder - Definition Overactive bladder (OAB) is a symptom syndrome which includes urgency, with or without urge inc

Paraphimosis

Paraphimosis Definition and presentation This is where the foreskin is retracted from over the glans of the penis, becomes

Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction

Pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction in adults Definition An obstruction of the proximal ureter at the junction with t

Penile Injuries

penile injuries - Amputation Blood loss can be severe; resuscitate the shocked patient and cross-match blood. Place the penis

Penile Prostheses

Penile prostheses are semi-rigid or inflatable devices that are implanted into penises to alleviate impotence. The penis is compos

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Kidney stone treatment: percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) Technique PCNL is the removal of a kidney stone via a  tr

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy PCNL

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) Complications of PCNL and their management Bleeding Some bleeding is inevitable, but

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Pcnl

percutaneous nephrolithotomy Definition : Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, or PCNL, is a procedure for removing medium-sized

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Results

percutaneous nephrolithotomy - diagnosis / preparation Diagnosis : Kidney stones may be discovered during a routine x ray stud

Peyronies Disease

Peyronie's disease - Definition A benign penile condition characterized by curvature of the penile shaft secondary to the forma

Post-prostatectomy Incontinence

Post-prostatectomy incontinence Incidence Slightly <1% after TURP, and 0.5% after open prostatectomy (OP) performed for b

Priapism Painful Erection

Priapism - Definition Prolonged and often painful erection in the absence of a sexual stimulus, lasting >4 - 6h, which predo

Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer: epidemiology and aetiology Hormonal influence Growth of prostate cancer (PC), like benign prostatic epithel

Prostate Cancer Clinical Presentation

Prostate cancer: clinical presentation Since the widespread use of serum PSA testing, the majority of patients have non-metas

Prostate Cancer Grading

Prostate cancer grading Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is graded using the Gleason system. Microscopically, adenocarcinoma is g

Prostate Cancer Pathology

Prostate cancer pathology: adenocarcinoma By far the most common (>95%) prostatic malignancy is adenocarcinoma carcinoma of

Prostate Cancer Staging

Prostate cancer staging Tumour staging uses the TNM classification. As with all cancer, prostate cancer staging may be consider

Prostate Cancer Treatment

prostate cancer treatment: hormone therapy I Metastatic disease is the cause of nearly all prostate cancer-related death. Cur

Prostatic Specific Antigen PSA

Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) PSA is a 34KD glycoprotein enzyme produced by the columnar acinar and ductal prostatic epithel

Prostatitis Prostate Inflammation

Prostatitis Definition : Infection and/or inflammation of the prostate. Epidemiology : Overall prevalence in men is 5%. Ag

PSA And Prostate Cancer

PSA and prostate cancer Until the development of commercial serum PSA assays in the late 1980s, the only serum marker for prost

Pyeloplasty Reflux Obstruction

Pyeloplasty - Indications : PUJ obstruction Anaesthesia : General Post-operative care A JJ stent, bladder c

Radical Cystectomy Partial Cystectomy

Partial cystectomy - Indications : Primary, solitary bladder tumours at a site that allows 2cm of normal tissue around it to be

Radical External Beam Radiotherapy

Management of localized prostate cancer: radical external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) Since the early 1980s advances in radiothe

Radical Prostatectomy

Radical prostatectomy - Indications : - Localized prostate cancer Anaesthesia : General or regional Post-opera

Radical Prostatectomy

Radical (total) prostatectomy (RP) is excision of the entire prostate, including the prostatic urethra, with the seminal vesicle

Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection

Recurrent urinary tract infection Recurrent UTI is defined as >2 infections in 6 months, or 3 within 12 months. It may be du

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma: epidemiology and aetiology Renal cell carcinoma also known as hypernephroma (since it was erroneously bel

Renal Cell Carcinoma Surgical Treatment

Renal cell carcinoma: surgical treatment I Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for RCC. Increases in diagnosis of smaller ea

Renal Duplications

Renal duplications Definitions A duplex kidney has an upper pole and a lower pole, each with its own separate pelvicalycea

Renal Masses Radiological Assessment

Radiological assessment of renal masses Abdominal ultrasound The first-line investigation for a patient with loin pain or

Renal Trauma

Renal trauma: classification, mechanism, grading Classification Two categories: blunt and penetrating. Proportion of all r

Renal Trauma Treatment

Renal trauma: treatment Conservative (non-operative) management Most blunt (95%) and many penetrating renal injuries (50%

Retrograde Ejaculation

Retrograde ejaculation Definition Failure of adequate bladder neck contraction resulting in the propulsion of sperm back int

Retroperitoneal Fibrosis

Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) was first clearly described by the French urologist, Albarran, at the beginning of the 20th centu

Retropubic Suspension

Retropubic suspension refers to the surgical procedures used to correct incontinence by supporting and stabilizing the bladder and

Retropubic Suspension Surgery

There are a variety of retropubic suspension surgeries available to treat stress incontinence. The variations differ by the types

Sacral Nerve Stimulation

Sacral nerve stimulation, also known as sacral neuromodulation, is a procedure in which the sacral nerve at the base of the spine

Scrotal Pain

Scrotal pain : - Pathology within the scrotum Torsion of the testicles Torsion of testicular appendages Epididymo-orc

Sling Procedure

The sling procedure, or suburethral sling procedure, refers to a particular kind of surgery using ancillary material to aid in clo

Sling Procedure 2

Description of sling procedure : Anti-incontinence surgery is used to address the failure of two parts of female urinary cont

Suprapubic Catheterization

suprapubic catheterization - Indications Failed urethral catheterization in urinary retention; preferred site for long-term cat

Testicular Cancer

Testicular cancer: epidemiology and aetiology Incidence and mortality Primary testicular cancer (TC) is the most common soli

Testicular Cancer Staging

Testicular cancer: serum markers Germ cell tumours may express and secrete into the bloodstream relatively specific and readi

Testicular Injuries

Testicular injuries : Testicular injuries are uncommon. Mechanisms Blunt or penetrating. Most in civilian practice are blu

Testis Testicular Appendages Torsion

Torsion of the testis and testicular appendages Definition A testicular torsion is a twist of the spermatic cord resulting

Ureteric Injuries

Ureteric injuries: mechanisms and diagnosis Types, causes, and mechanisms - External (rare blunt (e.g. high speed road tra

Ureteric Injuries Management

Ureteric injuries: management When to repair the ureteric injury Generally, the best time to repair the ureter is as soon

Ureteric Stones

Ureteric stones: presentation Ureteric stones usually present with sudden onset of severe flank pain which is colicky (waves

Ureteric Stones Radiological Imaging

Ureteric stones: diagnostic radiological imaging The intravenous urogram (IVU), for many years the mainstay of imaging in pat

Urethral Catheterization

urethral catheterization - Indications Relief of urinary retention; prevention of urinary retention a period of post-operative

Urethral Stricture Disease

Urethral stricture disease A urethral stricture is an area of narrowing in the calibre of the urethra due to formation of sca

Urinary Incontinence

Urinary incontinence - Definitions : Urinary incontinence (UI): the complaint of any involuntary leakage of urine. Stress ur

Urinary Incontinence

Evaluation History Enquire about LUTS (storage or voiding symptoms); triggers for incontinence (cough, sneezing, exercise, p

Urinary Incontinence Classification

Urinary incontinence - Definition Urinary incontinence (UI) is the complaint of any involuntary leakage of urine.1 It results f

Urinary Incontinence Injection Treatment

urinary incontinence injection treatment: The injection of bulking materials into the bladder neck and periurethral muscles is use

Urinary Incontinence Pubovaginal Slings

urinary incontinence pubovaginal slings Indications Sling procedures are mainly used for female stress incontinence associat

Urinary Incontinence Retropubic Suspension

urinary incontinence retropubic suspension Retropubic suspension procedures are used to treat female stress incontinence caus

Urinary Tract Computed Tomography

urinary tract Computed tomography : Widely used for investigation of urological symptoms and disease. It can detect very smal

Urinary Tract Infection

Urinary tract infection A diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) used to be based on finding >105 bacteria/ml of urine,

Urinary Tract Obstruction

Pathophysiology of urinary tract obstruction Effects of obstruction on renal blood flow and ureteric pressure Acute unilat

Urinary Tract Plain Radiography

Uses of plain abdominal radiography - urinary tract plain radiography : - For detection of stones and determination of the

Urinary Tract Ultrasound

urinary tract ultrasound - /B Renal : - Assessment of haematuria - Determination of nature of renal masses can different

Urine Cytology

Urine cytology : - Urine collection for cytology Exfoliated cells lying in urine which has been in the bladder for several ho

Urine Examination

Urine examination : Dipstick testing :Analysis for pH, blood, protein, glucose, and white cells can be done with dipstick testi

Urine Microscopy

Urine microscopy : Red blood cell morphology : Determined by phase-contrast microscopy. RBCs derived from the glomerulus are d

Urine Storage Micturition Physiology

The physiology of urine storage and micturition Urine storage During bladder filling, bladder pressure remains low despite

Varicocele Spermatic Cord

Varicocele - Definition Dilatation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus of the spermatic cord. Prevalence Found in

Vasectomy Birth Control

Vasectomy : This is the removal of a section of the vas deferens from each side with the aim of achieving infertility. Indi

Vesicoureteric Reflux In Adults

Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) in adults VUR is the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the upper urinary tract with

Vesicovaginal Fistula

Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) Fistula: an abnormal communication between two epithelial surfaces, in the case of a VVF between

Wilms Tumour

Wilms' tumour : This is a rare childhood tumour, affecting 1 in 10,000 children. It represents 80% of all genitourinary tumours