Acquired Renal Cystic DiseaseAcquired renal cystic disease (ARCD) Cystic degenerative disease of the
kidney with cysts visualized on CT scan. By definitio
Acute PyelonephritisAcute pyelonephritis A clinical
diagnosis based on the presence of fever,
flank pain, and tenderness, often with an elevated
Adult Polycystic Kidney DiseaseAutosomal dominant (adult) polycystic kidney disease
(ADPKD) Definition Autosomal dominant inherited disorder leading to t
Anterior Urethral InjuriesAnterior urethral injuries : These injuries are uncommon. History and
examination The patient usually presents with diffic
Artificial Urinary Sphincterincontinence the artificial urinary sphincter The artificial urinary sphincter (AUS; AMS800â„¢) consists of an inflatable
Benign Renal MassesBenign renal masses The most common (70%) are simple cysts, present in
>50% of >50-year-olds. Rarely symptomatic, treat
Bladder CancerBladder cancer: epidemiology and aetiology Bladder cancer is the second most
common urological malignancy, accounting for 497
Bladder Cancer Presentation StagingBladder cancer: presentation Symptoms - The most common presenting symptom
(85% of cases) is painless total haematuria. Th
Bladder InjuriesBladder injuries Situations in which the bladder may be injured TURBT ,
cystoscopic bladder biopsy, TURP, cystolitholapaxy
Bladder StonesBladder stones - Composition Struvite (i.e. they are infection stones) or
uric acid (in non-infected urine). Adults BR
Chronic PyelonephritisChronic pyelonephritis This is a confusing term. It can be a radiological or pathological
diagnosis or description. The appeara
Cystic Kidney DiseaseCystic kidney disease Congenital cystic kidney disease can be classified into genetic and non-genetic types. Genetic - Au
Cystic Renal DiseaseCystic renal disease: simple cysts Simple cysts are single or multiple
renal masses ranging from a few to many ce
Epididymitis OrchitisEpididymitis and orchitis This is an inflammatory condition of the
epididymis, often involving the testis, and caused by bact
Erection Ejaculationerection and ejaculation Innervation Autonomic: sympathetic nerves
originating from T11-L2, and parasympathetic nerves ori
Extracorporeal Lithotripsy ESWLStone fragmentation techniques: extracorporeal lithotripsy (ESWL) The
technique of focusing externally generated shock waves
Flexible Ureteroscopy Laser TreatmentKidney stone treatment: flexible ureteroscopy and laser
treatment The development of small-calibre ureteroscopes with active de
Fourniers GangreneFournier's gangrene A necrotizing fascitis of the genitalia and perineum primarily affecting males and causing necrosis and sub
Genitourinary TuberculosisTuberculosis (TB) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. TB predominantly affects Asian popula
Hematuria HaematuriaHematuria : the presence of blood in the urine. Macroscopic? (gross)
hematuria: the patient has seen blood. Microscopic or
Hemospermia HaemospermiaHemospermia - Definition : the presence of blood in the semen. Usually
intermittent, benign, self-limiting and no cause ident
Hydronephrosis HydroureteronephrosisHydronephrosis : Dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces. When combined with dilatation of the ureters known as hydroureteronep
Impotence EvaluationImpotence: evaluation Definition Impotence (also called erectile dysfunction or ED) describes the persistent inability to ac
Impotence TreatmentImpotence
treatment Psychosexual therapy : Aims to understand and address underlying psychological issues, and provides info
Incontinence In The Elderly PatientIncontinence in the elderly patient Prevalence UI increases markedly with advancing age affecting 10 - 20% of women and 7 -
Interstitial CystitisInterstitial cystitis (IC) is a refractory bladder disorder of unknown
aetiology. Patients suffer chronic urinary frequency, noc
Kidney StonesKidney stones: epidemiology ~10% of Caucasian men will develop a kidney
stone by the age of 70. Within 1 year of a calcium ox
Kidney Stones Medical TherapyKidney stones:
medical therapy (dissolution therapy) Uric acid and cystine
stones are potentially suitable for dissolution th
Kidney Stones SurgeryKidney stones: open stone
surgery Indications - Complex stone burden
(projection of stone into multiple calyces, such that
Kidney Transplant Diagnosis PreparationDiagnosis / Preparation Patients with chronic renal disease who need a
transplant and do not have a living donor registered
Kidney Transplant OperationKidney transplant Definition Kidney transplantation is a surgical procedure to remove a healthy, functioning kidney from a
Lithotripsy Kidney StonesLithotripsy Definition Lithotripsy is the use of high-energy shock waves to fragment and disintegrate kidney stones. The s
Loin Flank PainLoin (flank) pain : This can present suddenly as severe pain in the flank reaching a peak within minutes or hours (acute loin pain
Lower Urinary Tract InfectionLower urinary tract infection - Cystitis : infection and/or inflammation of the bladder. Presentation: frequent voiding of
Male Infertilitymale infertility Definition of infertility Failure of conception after at least 12 months of unprotected intercourse. The ch
Malignant Ureteric ObstructionMalignant ureteric obstruction Locally advanced prostate cancer, bladder or
ureteric cancer may cause unilateral or bilateral
Medical Management Of BPHMedical management of BPH: alpha blockers The rationale for α blocker therapy in BPH As described earlier,
Medullary Sponge Kidneymedullary sponge kidney (MSK) - Definition A cystic condition of the kidneys characterized by dilatation of the distal collecti
Mixed IncontinenceMixed incontinence - Definition Involuntary urinary leakage associated with urgency, and also with exertion, effort, snee
Needle Bladder Neck SuspensionNeedle bladder neck suspension Definition Needle bladder neck suspension, also known as needle suspension, or paravaginal
Nephrectomy NephroureterectomyNephrectomy and nephroureterectomy - Indications : - renal cell cancer -
non-functioning kidney containing a staghorn calc
Nephrectomy Surgical Removal Of KidneyNephrectomy Definition : A nephrectomy is a surgical procedure for the removal of a kidney or section of a kidney. Pur
Nephrostomy KidneyNephrostomy Definition : A nephrostomy is a surgical procedure by which a tube, stent, or catheter is inserted through the ski
NeuroblastomaNeuroblastoma : The most common extracranial solid tumour of childhood. 80% are diagnosed <4 years old. The tumour is of neural
Nocturia Nocturnal PolyuriaNocturia and nocturnal polyuria : Nocturia is common and bothersome (sleep
disturbance). Prevalence of nocturia : men
Oligospermia AzoospermiaOligospermia and azoospermia Oligospermia Defined as a sperm concentration
of less than 20 million/ml of ejaculate. BR
Open ProstatectomyOpen prostatectomy Definition : Open prostatectomy is a procedure for removal of an enlarged prostate gland. Purpose
Open Prostatectomy Retropubic Suprapubicopen prostatectomy - description Open prostatectomy can be performed by either the retropubic or suprapubic approach. The pref
OrchidectomyOrchidectomy - Indications : Two types radical orchidectomy and simple orchidectomy. Radical (inguinal) orchidectomy
Orchiectomy Surgical Removal Of Testesorchiectomy surgical removal of testicles -
diagnosis / preparation Diagnosis CANCER. The doctor may suspect that a pa
Orchiectomy Surgical Removal Of TesticlesOrchiectomy Definition : Orchiectomy is the surgical removal of one or both testicles, or testes, in the human male. It is als
Overactive BladderOveractive bladder - Definition Overactive bladder (OAB) is a symptom syndrome which includes urgency, with or without urge inc
ParaphimosisParaphimosis Definition and presentation This is where the foreskin is
retracted from over the glans of the penis, becomes
Pelviureteric Junction ObstructionPelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction in adults Definition An
obstruction of the proximal ureter at the junction with t
Penile Injuriespenile injuries - Amputation Blood loss can be severe; resuscitate the
shocked patient and cross-match blood. Place the penis
Penile ProsthesesPenile prostheses are semi-rigid or inflatable devices that are implanted into penises to alleviate impotence. The penis is compos
Percutaneous NephrolithotomyKidney stone treatment: percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) Technique PCNL
is the removal of a kidney stone via a tr
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy PCNLPercutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) Complications of PCNL and their management Bleeding Some bleeding is inevitable, but
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Pcnlpercutaneous nephrolithotomy Definition : Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, or PCNL, is a procedure for removing medium-sized
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Resultspercutaneous nephrolithotomy -
diagnosis / preparation Diagnosis : Kidney stones may be discovered during a routine x ray stud
Peyronies DiseasePeyronie's disease - Definition A benign penile condition characterized by curvature of the penile shaft secondary to the forma
Post-prostatectomy IncontinencePost-prostatectomy incontinence Incidence Slightly <1% after TURP, and 0.5% after open prostatectomy (OP) performed for b
Priapism Painful ErectionPriapism - Definition Prolonged and often painful erection in the absence of a sexual stimulus, lasting >4 - 6h, which predo
Prostate CancerProstate cancer: epidemiology and aetiology Hormonal influence Growth of prostate cancer (PC), like benign prostatic epithel
Prostate Cancer Clinical PresentationProstate cancer: clinical presentation Since the widespread use of serum PSA
testing, the majority of patients have non-metas
Prostate Cancer GradingProstate cancer grading Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is graded using the Gleason system. Microscopically, adenocarcinoma is g
Prostate Cancer PathologyProstate cancer pathology: adenocarcinoma By far the most common (>95%) prostatic malignancy is adenocarcinoma carcinoma of
Prostate Cancer StagingProstate cancer staging Tumour staging uses the TNM classification. As with all cancer, prostate cancer staging may be consider
Prostate Cancer Treatmentprostate cancer treatment: hormone therapy I Metastatic disease is the cause
of nearly all prostate cancer-related death. Cur
Prostatic Specific Antigen PSAProstatic specific antigen (PSA) PSA is a 34KD glycoprotein enzyme produced by the columnar acinar and ductal prostatic epithel
Prostatitis Prostate InflammationProstatitis Definition : Infection and/or inflammation of the
prostate. Epidemiology : Overall prevalence in men is 5%. Ag
PSA And Prostate CancerPSA and prostate cancer Until the development of commercial serum PSA assays in the late 1980s, the only serum marker for prost
Pyeloplasty Reflux Obstruction Pyeloplasty - Indications : PUJ obstruction Anaesthesia : General Post-operative care A JJ stent, bladder c
Radical Cystectomy Partial CystectomyPartial cystectomy - Indications : Primary, solitary bladder tumours at a site that allows 2cm of normal tissue around it to be
Radical External Beam RadiotherapyManagement of localized prostate cancer: radical external beam radiotherapy
(EBRT) Since the early 1980s advances in radiothe
Radical ProstatectomyRadical prostatectomy - Indications : - Localized prostate cancer Anaesthesia : General or regional Post-opera
Radical ProstatectomyRadical (total) prostatectomy (RP) is excision of the entire prostate, including
the prostatic urethra, with the seminal vesicle
Recurrent Urinary Tract InfectionRecurrent urinary tract infection Recurrent UTI is defined as >2 infections in 6 months, or 3 within 12 months. It may be du
Renal Cell CarcinomaRenal cell carcinoma: epidemiology and aetiology Renal cell carcinoma also known as hypernephroma (since it was erroneously bel
Renal Cell Carcinoma Surgical TreatmentRenal cell carcinoma: surgical
treatment I Surgery is the mainstay of
treatment for RCC. Increases in
diagnosis of smaller ea
Renal DuplicationsRenal duplications Definitions A duplex kidney has an upper pole and a
lower pole, each with its own separate pelvicalycea
Renal Masses Radiological AssessmentRadiological assessment of renal masses Abdominal ultrasound The
first-line investigation for a patient with loin pain or
Renal TraumaRenal trauma: classification, mechanism, grading Classification Two
categories: blunt and penetrating. Proportion of all r
Renal Trauma TreatmentRenal trauma:
treatment Conservative (non-operative) management Most
blunt (95%) and many penetrating renal injuries (50%
Retrograde EjaculationRetrograde ejaculation Definition Failure of adequate bladder neck contraction resulting in the propulsion of sperm back int
Retroperitoneal FibrosisRetroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) was first clearly described by the French
urologist, Albarran, at the beginning of the 20th centu
Retropubic SuspensionRetropubic suspension refers to the surgical procedures used to correct incontinence by supporting and stabilizing the bladder and
Retropubic Suspension SurgeryThere are a variety of retropubic suspension surgeries available to treat stress incontinence. The variations differ by the types
Sacral Nerve StimulationSacral nerve stimulation, also known as sacral neuromodulation, is a procedure in which the sacral nerve at the base of the spine
Scrotal PainScrotal pain : - Pathology within the scrotum Torsion of the testicles Torsion of testicular appendages Epididymo-orc
Sling ProcedureThe sling procedure, or suburethral sling procedure, refers to a particular kind of
surgery using ancillary material to aid in clo
Sling Procedure 2Description of sling procedure : Anti-incontinence
surgery is used to address the failure of two parts of female urinary cont
Suprapubic Catheterizationsuprapubic catheterization - Indications Failed urethral catheterization in urinary retention; preferred site for long-term cat
Testicular CancerTesticular cancer: epidemiology and aetiology Incidence and mortality Primary testicular cancer (TC) is the most common soli
Testicular Cancer StagingTesticular cancer: serum markers Germ cell tumours may express and secrete
into the bloodstream relatively specific and readi
Testicular InjuriesTesticular injuries : Testicular injuries are uncommon. Mechanisms Blunt
or penetrating. Most in civilian practice are blu
Testis Testicular Appendages TorsionTorsion of the testis and testicular appendages Definition A testicular
torsion is a twist of the spermatic cord resulting
Ureteric InjuriesUreteric injuries: mechanisms and
diagnosis Types, causes, and
mechanisms - External (rare blunt (e.g. high speed road tra
Ureteric Injuries ManagementUreteric injuries: management When to repair the ureteric
injury Generally, the best time to repair the ureter is as soon
Ureteric StonesUreteric stones: presentation Ureteric stones usually present with sudden
onset of severe flank pain which is colicky (waves
Ureteric Stones Radiological ImagingUreteric stones: diagnostic radiological imaging The intravenous urogram
(IVU), for many years the mainstay of imaging in pat
Urethral Catheterizationurethral catheterization - Indications Relief of urinary retention; prevention of urinary retention a period of post-operative
Urethral Stricture DiseaseUrethral stricture disease A urethral stricture is an area of narrowing in
the calibre of the urethra due to formation of sca
Urinary IncontinenceUrinary incontinence - Definitions : Urinary incontinence (UI): the complaint of any involuntary leakage of urine. Stress ur
Urinary IncontinenceEvaluation History Enquire about LUTS (storage or voiding symptoms); triggers for incontinence (cough, sneezing, exercise, p
Urinary Incontinence ClassificationUrinary incontinence - Definition Urinary incontinence (UI) is the complaint of any involuntary leakage of urine.1 It results f
Urinary Incontinence Injection Treatmenturinary incontinence injection treatment: The injection of bulking materials into the bladder neck and periurethral muscles is use
Urinary Incontinence Pubovaginal Slingsurinary incontinence pubovaginal slings Indications Sling procedures are mainly used for female stress incontinence associat
Urinary Incontinence Retropubic Suspensionurinary incontinence retropubic suspension Retropubic suspension procedures
are used to treat female stress incontinence caus
Urinary Tract Computed Tomographyurinary tract Computed tomography : Widely used for investigation of
urological symptoms and disease. It can detect very smal
Urinary Tract InfectionUrinary tract infection A
diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) used to be based on finding >105 bacteria/ml of urine,
Urinary Tract ObstructionPathophysiology of urinary tract obstruction Effects of obstruction on renal
blood flow and ureteric pressure Acute unilat
Urinary Tract Plain RadiographyUses of plain abdominal radiography - urinary tract plain radiography : - For detection of stones and determination of the
Urinary Tract Ultrasoundurinary tract ultrasound - /B Renal : - Assessment of haematuria - Determination of nature of renal masses can different
Urine Cytology Urine cytology : - Urine collection for cytology Exfoliated cells lying in urine which has been in the bladder for several ho
Urine ExaminationUrine examination : Dipstick testing :Analysis for pH, blood, protein, glucose, and white cells can be done with dipstick testi
Urine MicroscopyUrine microscopy : Red blood cell morphology : Determined by phase-contrast microscopy. RBCs derived from the glomerulus are d
Urine Storage Micturition Physiology The physiology of urine storage and micturition Urine storage During bladder filling, bladder pressure remains low despite
Varicocele Spermatic CordVaricocele - Definition Dilatation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus of the spermatic cord. Prevalence Found in
Vasectomy Birth ControlVasectomy : This is the removal of a section of the vas deferens from each side with the aim of achieving infertility. Indi
Vesicoureteric Reflux In AdultsVesicoureteric reflux (VUR) in adults VUR is the retrograde flow of urine
from the bladder into the upper urinary tract with
Vesicovaginal FistulaVesicovaginal fistula (VVF) Fistula: an abnormal communication between two
epithelial surfaces, in the case of a VVF between
Wilms TumourWilms' tumour : This is a rare childhood tumour, affecting 1 in 10,000 children.
It represents 80% of all genitourinary tumours