Abdominal Masses in the Neonatal Period : The discovery of an abdominal mass on physical examination in the newborn period cause

Achalasia In Children Babies Kids

achalasia in children babies kids : Achalasia in children is an uncommon esophageal motor disorder distinguished by clinical, ra

Acute Abdominal Pain In Children

Acute abdominal pain in children presents a diagnostic dilemma. Although many cases of acute abdominal pain are benign, some req

Acute Pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is unusual in the pediatric patient, can affect all age groups and should be considered in children presen

Adrenal Hemorrhage

Adrenal Hemorrhage : Retroperitoneal adrenal Hemorrhage usually occurs at birth or during the first postnatal days the result of

Annular Pancreas Divisum

Annular Pancreas / Pancreas Divisum : The pancreas develops from an anterior and posterior anlage of the foregut early during gest

Anorectal Malformations Baby Health

Anorectal malformations are birth defects (problems that happen as a fetus is developing during pregnancy). With this defect, the

Appendicitis Appendectomy

Appendicitis Included in this group because is caused by obstruction of the appendiceal lumen, most commonly by fecaliths. When ob

Appendicitis Appendix Surgery Treatment

Appendicitis is an irritation, inflammation, and infection of the appendix (a narrow, hollow tube that branches off the large inte

Asplenia Absence Of The Spleen

The absence of the spleen (asplenia) occurs after surgical removal, following chronic conditions or congenital. Trauma is the most

Biliary Atresia Kasai Portoenterostomy

Biliary Atresia : Persistent conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (greater than 20% of total or 1.5 mg%) should be urgently evaluated. In

Biliary Hypoplasia In Children

Biliary hypoplasia is a rare cause of persistent neonatal conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Pathologically, affected children have ab

Bladder Exstrophy

Exstrophy Bladder exstrophy results from defective development of the anterior bladder and lower abdominal walls, leaving the p

Branchial Cleft Fistulas

Branchial Cleft Fistulas : Branchial cleft fistulas (BCF) originate from the 1st to 3rd branchial apparatus during embryogenesis

Breast Disorders In Children

Most breast disorders in children of either sex are benign. Congenital lesions are: absent or multiple breast. Transplacental hor

Bronchogenic Cysts

Bronchogenic cysts (BC), first described in 1911, are benign congenital lesions of the respiratory tract that have the potential t

Burkitts Lymphoma

Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is a highly malignant tumor first described during the late 50's in African children (jaw), endemic in nat

Burns In Children

Burns make a significant contribution to paediatric hospital admissions; in 1 year, around 50,000 such patients attended accident

Cat Scratch Disease

Cat Scratch Disease : Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) is a self-limited condition transmitted by a Bartonella species (Rochalimaea hen

Cervical Lymphadenopathy

Cervical Lymphadenopathy : An enlarged lymph node is the most common neck mass in children. Most are anterior to the sternocleidom

Child Constipation Abdominal Radiograph

Abdominal Radiograph and Transit Time An abdominal radiograph is not indicated to establish the presence of a fecal impaction

Choledochal Cyst

Choledochal cyst is a rare dilatation of the common bile duct, prevalent in oriental patients (Japan), where >60% of patients a

Cholelithiasis Cholecystitis

With the increase use of sonography in the work-up of abdominal pain, cholelithiasis is diagnosed more frequent in children. Galls

Chylothorax Effusion Of Lymph

Chylothorax : Effusion of lymph (chyle) into the pleural cavity is known as chylothorax. Chyle is clear-milky fluid with an elevat

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) involves a functional defect in any of the five enzymatic steps required for cortisol synthes

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Bochdalek

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (Bochdalek) : The most common congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is that which occurs through t

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair

congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair - surgery - surgical care: • Postnatal repair o Until recently, specialists be

Congenital Epigastric Defects

Congenital epigastric defects occur anywhere in the linea alba from the navel to the xiphoid process. They represent almost 5% of

Congenital Torticollis

Congenital Torticollis : Congenital muscular torticollis is a disorder characterize by shortening of the cervical muscles, most

Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation is a lung bud lesion characterize by dysplasia of respiratory epithelium caused by over

Cystic Hygroma

Cystic Hygroma : Cystic hygroma (CH) is an uncommon congenital lesion of the lymphatic system appearing as a multilocular fluid fi

Duodenal Malformations

Duodenal Malformations Can be intrinsic (Atresia, Stenosis, Webs) or extrinsic (Annular pancreas, Ladd's bands). Occur distal or p

Ectopic Ureter

Ectopic ureter Definition : The ureteric orifice is situated below the normal anatomical insertion on the trigone of the bla

Epispadias

Epispadias In epispadias, the urethra opens onto the dorsal surface of the penis, anywhere from the glans, penile shaft, or, mo

Esophageal Atresia Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Esophageal Atresia a/o Tracheo-esophageal fistula 1. Embryology : The trachea and esophagus initially begin as a ventral divert

Femoral Hernias

Femoral hernias (FH) in the pediatric age are very rare accounting for less than 0.5% of all groin hernias in children. Children p

Fetal Abdominal Wall Defect

Fetal Abdominal Wall Defect : Most common abdominal wall defects (AWD) are gastroschisis, omphalocele and hernia of the umbilical

Fetal Intestinal Obstruction

Fetal Intestinal Obstruction : The fetal gastrointestinal tract (foregut, midgut and hindgut) undergoes ventral folding between 24

Foreign Body Ingestion

Accidental foreign body (FB) ingestion such as - coins, fish bones, toys plastic parts, jewels, batteries, safety pin, needle

Functional Constipation Management

MANAGEMENT OF CHILDRENWITH FUNCTIONAL CONSTIPATION The general approach to the child with functional constipation includes th

Gastric Anomalies

Congenital gastric outlet obstruction is extremely rare. It occurs either in the pyloric or antral region. Antral membranes (web o

Gastroschisis Omphalocele Causes

Causes: • Factors associated with high-risk pregnancies, such as maternal illness and infection, drug use, smoking, and

Gastroschisis Omphalocele Follow Up

Further Inpatient Care (gastroschisis omphalocele follow up): • Omphalocele o Babies with omphalocele usually have rap

Gastroschisis Omphalocele Medical Care

Medical Care: • Intestinal inflammation o Intestinal inflammation may occur with either gastroschisis or ruptured omp

Gastroschisis Omphalocele Wall Defects

Gastroschisis and omphalocele (abdominal wall defects, exomphalos, exumbilication) Gastroschisis and omphalocele are among the

Hepatic Cysts Parasitic Congenital

Hepatic cysts (HC) can be either parasitic (echinococcal) following infestation in endemic regions, acquired (after trauma or in

Hepatoblastoma In Childhood

Hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma are the most common malignant tumor of liver. These represent about 2% of all malignan

Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Childhood

Hepatocellular carcinoma in childhood is histologically identical to hepatoma seen in the adult and is associated 50% of the time

Hereditary Spherocytosis

Hereditary spherocytosis is a clinically heterogenous autosomal dominant red blood cell membrane disorder that causes anemia. The

Hirschsprung Disease Bowel Obstruction

Hirschsprung disease : Hirschsprung disease is a disorder of the neuroenteric pathways within the distal large bowel that prevents

Hirschsprung Disease Diagnosis

Hirschsprung Disease Hirschsprung disease is the most common cause of lower intestinal obstruction in neonates and is a rare ca

Hirschsprungs Disease

Hirschsprung's Disease : Hirschsprung's is the congenital absence of parasympathetic innervation of the distal intestine. The co

Hydrocele

A hydrocele is a collection of fluid in the space surrounding the testicle between the layers of the tunica vaginalis. Hydroceles

Hydrocelectomy Hydrocele Repair

Hydrocelectomy, also known as hydrocele repair, is a surgical procedure performed to correct a hydrocele. A hydrocele is an accu

Hydrometrocolpos

Hydrometrocolpos (HMC) is accumulation of secretions in the vagina and uterus caused by one of two mechanisms: 1- excessive i

Hypospadias Meatus Urethra

Hypospadias - Definition Hypospadias is a congenital deformity where the opening of the urethra (the meatus) occurs on the unde

Hypospadias Repair Aftercare

The diagnosis of hypospadias in boys is often made at the time of delivery during the newborn examination. The condition may als

Hypospadias Repair Genital Surgery

Hypospadias repair refers to a group of surgical approaches used to correct or reconstruct parts of the external genitalia and uri

Imperforate Anus

Imperforate Anus : Embryology- Between 4-6 weeks, the cloaca becomes the common depository for the developing urinary, genital and

Inguinal Hernias

A hernia is defined as a protrusion of a portion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. For groin (inguinal or femo

Intestinal Atresias

Intestinal atresias are the product of a late intrauterine mesenteric vascular accident (blood supply was not received by a port

Intraoperative Pain Management Newborn

INTRAOPERATIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT To a large extent, management of the surgical stress response in neonates can be accomplished wi

Intussusception

Although intussusception can occur at any age, the greatest incidence occurs in infants between 4-10 months of age. Over half o

Intussusception Reduction

Intussusception reduction Definition Intussusception is a condition in which one portion of the intestine telescopes into

Labial Adhesions In Infants

Labial Adhesions in Infants : Minor labial adhesions is a common pediatric gynecologic problem occasionally confused with imperfor

Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding In Children

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding in children 1- Anal Fissure : Anal fissure is the most common cause of rectal bleeding in the f

Malrotation And Volvulus

Malrotation and Volvulus : Embryology: The rotation and normal fixation of the intestinal tract takes place within the first three

Meckels Diverticulectomy Meckels Diverticulum

Meckels diverticulectomy Definition Meckel’s diverticulectomy is a surgical procedure that isolates and removes an a

Meconium Ileus

Meconium ileus is a neonatal intraluminal intestinal obstruction caused by inspissated meconium blocking the distal ileum. Occu

Meconium Peritonitis

Meconium peritonitis (MP) is a chemical peritonitis that occurs following bowel perforation during fetal life. It is generally loo

Meconium Plug Syndrome

Meconium plug syndrome / Left hypoplastic colon syndrome : Colonic obstruction in the newborn child could be the result of necroti

Mediastinal Cysts

Mediastinal cysts identified in children are classified according to the compartment where they arise as: anterior (extends to the

Mixed Gonadal Dysgenesis

Mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD) is an intersexual genetic abnormality caused by a defect in the sex chromosomes (gonosomes) associ

Morgagni Hernias

Morgagni Hernias (MH) are rare congenital diaphragmatic defects close to the anterior midline between the costal and sternal origi

Müllerian Duct Syndrome

Müllerian Duct Syndrome (MDS) refers to a genetic disorder of male pseudohermaphroditism (46 XY karyotype) characterized by normal

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal medical and/or surgical emergency occurring in neonates. With

Necrotizing Enterocolitis Follow Up

Necrotizing Enterocolitis FOLLOW-UP Necrotizing Enterocolitis Further Inpatient Care: • Prolonged parenteral nutriti

Necrotizing Enterocolitis Imaging Studies

necrotizing enterocolitis imaging studies: • The mainstay of diagnostic imaging is abdominal radiography. An anteropost

Necrotizing Enterocolitis Lab Studies

Lab Studies of necrotizing enterocolitis: • Initial presentation usually includes subtle signs of feeding intolerance,

Necrotizing Enterocolitis Medical Care

Medical Care of necrotizing enterocolitis : • Diagnosis of NEC is based on clinical suspicion supported by findings on

Necrotizing Enterocolitis Medication

MEDICATION of necrotizing enterocolitis Pharmacologic therapy includes agents to treat the developing disease and those to pr

Necrotizing Enterocolitis Procedures

necrotizing enterocolitis procedures: • Upper GI (with or without) small bowel follow-through o This procedure is a

Necrotizing Enterocolitis Surgical Care

Surgical Care of necrotizing enterocolitis : Any patient requiring surgical intervention and many of those patients not progr

Neonatal Gastrointestinal Bleeding

A. Upper GI bleeding (Neonate) : Initially do an Apt test to determine if blood comes from fetal origin or maternal origin (blood

Neonatal Intestinal Obstruction

neonatal intestinal obstruction : Signs and Symptoms 1. Bilious vomiting is always abnormal. 2. Abdominal distention (scapho

Neuroblastoma Infancy Childhood Tumor

Neuroblastoma is the most common solid tumor of infancy and childhood. Most appear during the first five years of life; over hal

Newborn Postoperative Pain Control

Perioperative Pain Management in Newborns - neonatal analgesia, newborn postoperative pain control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN CONTROL:

Nocturnal Enuresis

Nocturnal enuresis : Nocturnal enuresis is a condition in which a person who has bladder control while awake urinates while asleep

Normal Sexual Differentiation

Normal sexual differentiation Sexual differentiation and gonadal development is determined by the sex chromosomes (XY male, X

Omphalocele Gastroschisis

Omphalocele and Gastroschisis : The three most common abdominal wall defect in newborns are umbilical hernia, gastroschisis and om

Omphalocele Repair

Omphalocele repair Definition An omphalocele is a congenital defect in which internal organs such as the liver, stomach, a

Orchiopexy Cryptorchidism Testicular Torsion

Cryptorchidism The diagnosis of cryptorchidism is usually made when a pediatrician examines the newborn baby, although the con

Orchiopexy Orchidopexy Undescended Testicle

Orchiopexy Definition : Orchiopexy is a procedure in which a surgeon fastens an undescended testicle inside the scrotum, usual

Ovarian Tumors In Children

Ovarian tumors are uncommon childhood malignancies (1%) characterized by recurrence and resistance to therapy. Aggressive surgery

Pancreatic Cysts

Pancreatic Cysts : Pancreatic cystic lesions are usually inflammatory pseudocyst (90%) or neoplastic process (10%). Distinguishi

Patent Urachus Repair

Patent urachus repair : Patent urachus repair is surgery to correct a urachus (a tube that connects the fetal bladder to the umbil

Pediatric Abdominal Emergencies

• Two principles apply to all visceral pain - Neurological mechanisms involved in visceral pain are different than t

Pediatric Concerns In Pediatric Surgery

Pediatric concerns in pediatric surgery : Pediatric concerns refers to those issues that are unique to the care of children when s

Pediatric Surgery

Pediatric surgery is a specialized field of surgery for the treatment of conditions that can be surgically corrected in a baby, ch

Pediatric Surgery 2

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) CDH can be diagnosed by the fourth month of pregnancy via ultrasound studies. Of the inf

Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction

Pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction Definition A blockage of the ureter at the junction with the renal pelvis resulting

Pneumatocele Pneumonia

A pneumatocele is a benign air-containing cyst in the lung most commonly the result of Staphylococcus Aureus pneumonia. Other less

Posterior Urethral Valves PUVs

Posterior urethral valves (PUVs) Definition Abnormal congenital mucosal folds in the prostatic (posterior) urethra causing l

Postoperative Pain Assessment Newborns

POSTOPERATIVE PAIN ASSESSMENT IN NEONATES One factor that has contributed to inadequate pain management in neonates has been

Postoperative Pain Control Opiates

POSTOPERATIVE PAIN CONTROL: OPIATES After appropriate pain assessment practices are established, the most formidable hindranc

Preoperative Pain Management Newborns

preoperative pain management in newborns : The practice of medicine has become progressively more sophisticated. Physicians can

Pyloric Stenosis

Pyloric Stenosis Is an abnormality of the pyloric musculature (hypertrophy) causing gastric outlet obstruction in early infancy.

Rectal Motility Studies Constipation

Rectal Motility Studies and Constipation : Constipation accounts for 10 to 25% of referrals to pediatric gastroenterologists. Whil

Recurrent Abdominal Pain Of Childhood

The generally accepted definition of this condition is three or more bouts of pain severe enough to affect activities (usually sch

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma : Most common soft tissue sarcoma in infants and children and represents about 5-15% of all solid malignant lesio

Splenic Cysts In Children

Splenic cysts in children are either considered true epidermal (congenital), pseudocysts (post-traumatic), or infectious (echinoco

Splenic Trauma

Splenic Trauma : Spleen is the most common injured organ in blunt abdominal trauma. Hematologic and immunologic importance of the

Splenoptosis Wandering Spleen

Splenoptosis (Wandering spleen) is a rare congenital fusion anomaly of the dorsal mesogastrium of the spleen that results in fail

Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Spontaneous Pneumothorax : Most pneumothorax in children are the result of blunt/open chest trauma, mechanical ventilation (barotr

Surgical Response Of Newborns

Surgical Response of Newborns : The endocrine and metabolic response to surgical stress in newborns (Newborns) is characterized

Teratomas

Teratomas contains tissues derived from the three embryonic layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm), found in a locus that does

Testicular Feminization Syndrome

Testicular feminization syndrome (TFS) is a genetic form of male pseudohermaphroditism (patient who is genetically 46 XY but has d

Thoracic Empyema

Thoracic Empyema (TE) is an infection (pus) of the pleural cavity. TE develops after complications of bacterial pneumonia (most co

Thyroglossal Duct Cysts

Thyroglossal Duct Cysts : Thyroglossal duct cyst (TDC) is the most common congenital anterior midline neck mass usually (2/3 of

Thyroid Cancer In Children

Thyroid Cancer : In spite of presenting with advanced, multicentric and larger tumors children have a better survival than adults.

Umbilical Hernias

Umbilical Hernias : Between the sixth and tenth gestational week, the developing gastrointestinal tract is partially extruded into

Undescended Testes

Undescended testes : The testes descend into the scrotum in the 3rd trimester (passing through the inguinal canal at 24 - 28 we

Undescended Testis

The undescended testis is a term we use to describe all instances in which the testis cannot be manually manipulated into the scro

Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding In Children

In the initial evaluation a history should be obtained for bleeding disorders, skin lesions, and aspirin or steroid ingestion. The

Ureterocele

Ureterocele Definition A ureterocele is a cystic dilatation of the distal ureter as it drains into the bladder. Incid

Urinary Tract Infection

Urinary tract infection (UTI) Definitions : UTI is a bacterial infection of the urine (>105 colony-forming units/ml of

Vesicoureteric Reflux VUR

Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) Definition : VUR results from abnormal retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the upper

Wilms Tumor

Wilms Tumor : This is the most common solid intra-abdominal tumor (malignant) in children. It affects 450-500 children annually